Age of Absolutism Flashcards
30 years war
(1618-1648) Was a culmination of religious wars through a continental conflict in Europe. Most detrimentally affecting Germany. Most destructive pre-20th century war in Europe. Caused by the Holy Roman Empire’s attempt to force bohemians to revert to Roman Catholicism.
New monarchs
The people in the 15th and 16th centuries who ruled the predominantly powerful European states of England, France, and Spain, controlling their resources, and nobility, and establishing centralized regimes. (Louis XIII, Henry VIII, Fernando, and Isabel) Kingdoms of England, France, and Spain
The Spanish Inquisition
Founded in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel, was a mission that used religion to justify the expansion and control of state ends, and ultimately to cease the spread of Protestantism throughout Spain through fear of being accused of heresy by Inquisitors.
English Civil war of 1642-1649
Civil war between the monarchy and religious leaders following the Church of England’s development led to the instigation of a constitutional government in England. 3 separate wars between Charles V and parliament. Charles believed in absolutism and Parliament disagreed, beheading him with the signature of Oliver Cromwell.
Glorious Revolution of 1688
Following the reinstatement of the English monarchy, King James II was dethroned and the throne was given to his Daughter, Mary, and her Dutch Husband, William, who took over the throne under conditions set by parliament. Which led to a future of cooperation between parliament and the monarchy.
Absolutism
The theoretical belief and system of ruling based on the idea that kings derived their power from divinity. Kings have absolute power.
Palace of Versailles
Built around 1670. The residence of King Louis XIV; later became the palace of the royal court. Where all of the nobles of a high rank resided with their families and centralized the government around the king. The overall concept led to prosperity for the state of France.
Annulment
Legal process that cancels a marriage due to extenuating circumstances such as incest. Declares a marriage, “null and void” like it never happened.
Balance of Power
The cooperation between European states, ensuring that no one state would ever get too powerful, preventing empires from forming, and keeping Europe a consolidation of independent states.
Serfdom
A cycle of labor that required peasants to work for landowners, preventing them from marrying or moving away unless they had permission from their landowner. Ended following the 15th century.
Rise of Capitalism
Capitalism, is an economic system in which private parties, individuals, and corporations provide commodities and services to the public market looking to benefit from market conditions. This led to a vast shift in society as the socio-economic structures changed with newfound and widespread wealth. The capitalistic ventures were largely opportunistic, looking to take advantage of supply and demand. Capitalism changed the way that financial risks were taken due to the emergence of insurance companies in most major cities. It also led to the decentralization of urbanization and the shift of society becoming entrepreneurial as many looked to take advantage of capitalistic ventures. Joint Stock Companies: extremely important because it partially mitigated some of the risks involved with expensive business ventures. (English East India Company, and VOC) Protoindustirialization: associated with the ‘putting out system,’ which moved the production of goods to the countryside making the cost of production cheaper.
Ptolemaic Universe
Was the theory made by Ptolemy in the second century, that reasoned there were 9 spheres surrounding the earth, that contained the Sun, Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn in the first 7, the stars in the 8th, and the 9th sphere was empty for the purpose of spinning the rest of the universe in movement. Everyone believed this until the 17th century.
(Earth was the center of the universe)
Scientific Revolution
The transformation of science due to the newfound practice of utilizing mathematics and observation as the basis of reasoning. Following the discoveries of Copernicus.
Charles V Hapsburg
A member of the extremely powerful Hapsburg family, who controlled Austria (1438) and held strong ties within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1517 or 1519 he inherited the position of the emperor in the Holy Roman Empire, however even with the means to create an all-powerful empire, he was restricted by the Lutheran movement and the dignitaries of other countries. Gave his power + land to king Philip II of Spain.
King Henry VIII Tudor of England
Drastically increased English royal revenues by severing all ties between England and the Roman Catholic church, seizing all assets within England, and taxing royal services, propagating the English state and economy. (1485-1509) had 6 marriages and attempted to annul his first marriage, causing strife with the Catholic church. The Anglcian Religion: or (1509-1547)
