Exam study guide Flashcards
1
Q
Age of Exploration
A
1400-1770: period of time when Europeans countries began maritime exploration in search of things like resources, power, and a trade route to
Asia. Led to discovery of Americas, route to India and Asia, and new technology/ideas
2
Q
Renaissance
A
15th-16th centuries: followed the dark/middle ages, known as a time of “rebirth” due to the classical Greek and Roman styles of art, architecture, and literature reappearing. mainly in Italy. Artists: Leonardo DaVinci (mona Lisa) Michelangelo
3
Q
Motives of Exploration in 15th century
A
1) to gain power (financially, miliatarily, geographic, etc)
2) trade (to develop nautical trade route to Asia
3) resources and lands to exploit
4) missionary efforts spread Christianity
5) technology made exploration possible
4
Q
Columbian exchange
A
following Columbus’ discovery of the Americas, a period of exchange of disease, plants, animals, technology, and ideas occurred.
5
Q
whistleblower
A
someone informs on a person/organization who is corrupt or engaged in illegal activities
6
Q
Serendipity
A
an unplanned beneficial discovery or occurrance
7
Q
absolute power
A
to have complete unchecked control, meaning corrupt absolutely
8
Q
95 theses
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1517: written by Martin Luther, 95 complaints/points of argument against the Catholic Church mostly concerning its corruption and sale of indulgences
9
Q
ex-communication
A
to be removed/banned from the sacraments/services of the Catholic church
10
Q
salvation alone
A
you can worship, love God, go to heaven, without the interference of an institution like the church. Only God holds divine power not church authorities.
11
Q
council of Trent
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1545-1563: response to Martin Luther conference held by the Catholic church regarding how they should reform corruption in the church and affirm traditional church + teachings and authority.
12
Q
counter-Reformation
A
also known as the Catholic reformation, was the church’s response to the protestant reformation which revealed corruption and instability in church tradition and authority.
13
Q
King Philip II of Spain
A
1556-1598 (king of Spain) worked to stop the spread of Protestantism. helped Spain reach the peak of its power through European imperialism and worked to spread Christianity through exploration. * Lost a lot of the power in Spain when he attempted to force England to return to Catholicism in 1588 with the Spanish armada and lost
14
Q
Queen Isabella of Spain
A
(1472-1504) castille, unified Spain through marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon. Funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage/exploration of the Americas. Catholic queen founded the Spainsh inquisition
15
Q
Johannes Tetzel
A
German Friar who promoted the sale of indulgences, influencing Martin Luther’s 95 Theses pointing out church corruption.
16
Q
Pope Leo X:
A
1513-1521 (Pope) head of the Catholic Church of the Medici family, known to be extremely corrupt, excommunicated Martin Luther
17
Q
Vasco De Gama
A
1497 De Gama left Lisbon for India and imported goods such as pepper and cinnamon that were profitable enough to influence further expeditions to India.
18
Q
Joannes Gutenburg
A
German inventor who around 1436 invented the first mechanized printing press. Which increased production and therefore accessibility to literary works allowing for a more connected, informed, and literate population.
19
Q
Ignatius Loyala
A
1491-1556: ex nobleman and soldier who used religious literature to found the society of Jesus (Jesuits) group of strongly educated Christian missionaries
20
Q
Harry Markopolos
A
A financial fraud investigator who uncovered the fraud in Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme and challenged the SEC multiple times.
21
Q
Vladimir Putin
A
President of Russia since 2012, extremely corrupt invading Ukraine has no regard for others an has absolute power.
22
Q
Leonardo Da Vinci
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famous artist, inventor, and sculptor of the Renaissance, created the Mona Lisa in 1503.
23
Q
Queen Elizabeth I of England
A
Queen of England and Ireland from 1556-1603 unified England under Protestantism and defeated the Spanish armada in 1558 taking away Spanish power. (last Tudor Monarch)
24
Q
What was Yali’s question to Jared Diamond?
A
“Why you white men have so much cargo, and we New Guineans, have so little.”
- Diamonds Answer was that it all came down to geographic fortune which created conditions that made in possible for growth and innovation to take place.
25
Niccolo Machiavelli
16th-century Italian politician and philosopher. Known for his philosophies on how leaders should rule, very pessimistic, and wrote the "Prince"
- "It is better to be feared than loved."
- "the ends justify the means."
26
Louis XIII of France
Born 1601 king from 1610-1643, son of Henry IV who was assassinated
His mother, Marie de Medici tried to betray him to gain power and was exiled in 1617 His primary advisor was Cardinal Richelieu (1624-1642) and Mazarin (1643-1715) Father of King Louis XIV Led the siege of La Rochelle successfully
27
King Louis XIV
born 1638-1715, known as the "sun king, pushed absolutism and the divine right of kinds. Built the palace of Versailles (2000 rooms, lavish overspending of tax money) motto L'etat est moi. Cardinal Mazarin = advisor. Full body baths were rare and he only bathed twice in his life.
28
King Louis XV
The great-grandson of King Louis XIV, king from 1715-1774, vast overspending with high taxes upon the poorest French people, he lost several wars tp england, 7 years was 1756-1763, he lost the french holdings of land in America to the English
29
King Louis XVI
1774-1793 he made many poor leadership decisions, married Marie Antoinette famous for neglecting the poor and saying let them eat cake, was beheaded and caused French Revolution. Bankrupt the country by giving aid to the Americans in the American Revolution.
30
3 Estates of Old Regime of France
1 estate: the 1% made of the clergy, Religious, Bishops, priests
2nd estate: kings and wealthy landowners 2%
3rd estate: Bourgeosie the lawyers, doctors, farmers, workers anyone not in estates 1 and two were subject to tyranny from upper estates and paid all of the taxes
31
The Thirty Years War:
(1618-1648) Was a culmination of religious wars through a continental conflict in Europe. Most detrimentally affecting Germany. Most destructive pre-20th century war in Europe. Caused by the Holy Roman Empire’s attempt to force bohemians to revert to Roman Catholicism.
32
New Monarchs:
The people in the 15th and 16th centuries who ruled the predominantly powerful European states of England, France, and Spain, controlling their resources, and nobility, and establishing centralized regimes. (Louis XIII, Henry VIII, Fernando, and Isabel) Kingdoms of England, France, and Spain
33
The Spanish Inquisition:
Founded in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel was a mission that used religion to justify the expansion and control of state ends, and ultimately to cease the spread of Protestantism throughout Spain through fear of being accused of heresy by Inquisitors.
34
English Civil War of 1642-1649:
Civil war between the monarchy and religious leaders following the Church of England’s development led to the instigation of a constitutional government in England. 3 separate wars between Charles I and parliament. Charles believed in absolutism and Parliament disagreed, beheading him with the signature of Oliver Cromwell.
35
Glorious Revolution of 1688:
Following the reinstatement of the English monarchy, King James II was dethroned and the throne was given to his Daughter, Mary, and her Dutch Husband, William, who took over the throne under conditions set by parliament. Which led to a future of cooperation between parliament and the monarchy.
36
Absolutism:
The theoretical belief and system of ruling based on the idea that kings derived their power from divinity. Kings have absolute power.
37
Palace of Versailles:
Built around 1670. The residence of King Louis XIV; later became the palace of the royal court. Where all of the nobles of a high rank resided with their families and centralized the government around the king. The overall concept led to prosperity for the state of France.
38
Annulment:
Legal process that cancels a marriage due to extenuating circumstances such as incest. Declares a marriage, “null and void” like it never happened.
39
Balance of Power:
The cooperation between European states, ensuring that no one state would ever get too powerful, preventing empires from forming, and keeping Europe a consolidation of independent states.
40
Serfdom:
A cycle of labor that required peasants to work for landowners, preventing them from marrying or moving away unless they had permission from their landowner. Ended following the 15th century.
41
Rise of Capitalism
Capitalism, is an economic system in which private parties, individuals, and corporations provide commodities and services to the public market looking to benefit from market conditions. This led to a vast shift in society as the socio-economic structures changed with newfound and widespread wealth. The capitalistic ventures were largely opportunistic, looking to take advantage of supply and demand. Capitalism changed the way that financial risks were taken due to the emergence of insurance companies in most major cities. It also led to the decentralization of urbanization and the shift of society becoming entrepreneurial as many looked to take advantage of capitalistic ventures. Joint Stock Companies: extremely important because it partially mitigated some of the risks involved with expensive business ventures. (English East India Company, and VOC) Protoindustirialization: associated with the ‘putting out system,’ which moved the production of goods to the countryside making the cost of production cheaper. Socialism opposes capitalism
42
Ptolemaic Universe:
Was the theory made by Ptolemy in the second century, that reasoned there were 9 spheres surrounding the earth, that contained the Sun, Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn in the first 7, the stars in the 8th, and the 9th sphere was empty for the purpose of spinning the rest of the universe in movement. Everyone believed this until the 17th century.
43
Scientific Revolution:
The transformation of science due to the newfound practice of utilizing mathematics and observation as the basis of reasoning. Following the discoveries of Copernicus.
44
Charles V (Hapsburg):
A member of the extremely powerful Hapsburg family, who controlled Austria (1438) and held strong ties within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1517 or 1519 he inherited the position of the emperor in the Holy Roman Empire, however even with the means to create an all-powerful empire, he was restricted by the Lutheran movement and the dignitaries of other countries. Gave his power + land to king Philip II of Spain.
45
King Henry VIII Tudor of England:
Drastically increased English royal revenues by severing all ties between England and the Roman Catholic church, seizing all assets within England, and taxing royal services, propagating the English state and economy. (1485-1509) had 6 marriages and attempted to annul his first marriage, causing strife with the Catholic church.
46
Six Wives of Henry VIII:
Catherine of Aragon (first female ambassador in European History, got an annulment), Anne Boylen (beheaded for adultery), Jane Seymore (died 11 days after childbirth, only wife to die a queen), Anne of Cleves(died naturally and was married for only 6 months), Catherine Howard (was beheaded for having an affair), Katherine Parr (henry died 5 years after marriage). Anne Boylen and Catherine Howard were executed.
47
King Louis XI of France: 1400’s
known as the ‘spider king’ was able to make peace with England and reformed french royalty giving more power to kings and less to the barons. Following the 100 years war was able to conquer more lands such as the duchy of burgandy.
48
Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain:
founded the Spanish inquisition in 1478. United Spain through marriage and forced all Jews within Spain to convert to Christianity. Funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus.
49
Oliver Cromwell:
was the head of the state in the early 17th century, meaning protector of the commonwealth of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Defeated king Charles I facilitated his execution.
50
King Philip II of Spain:
King of Spain from 1556-1598, worked to stop the spread of Protestantism and helped Spain reach the peak of its power through European imperialism and worked to spread the empire. Attempted to regain control of England but was defeated by Queen Elizabeth I. 1588 sent spanish armada to england.
51
Cardinal Richelieu:
french noblemen and clergymen worked under Louis XIII worked to unify royal french power around 1624. Also invented the table knife. Worked to extend the power of the king, supporting absolutism. 3 point plan set France on the road to absolutism
52
Cardinal Mazarin:
Helped end the thirty years’ war by establishing the peace of Westphalia and chief minister to Louis XIII and Louis XIV Attempted to establish the total authority of the king + absolutism
53
Peter the Great:
: the most important of the Roman Tsars reined 1682-1725, worked to transform Russia into a state of great military power in the mirror of the powerful states of Europe. Reformed the military and built St. Petersburg. Forced many Russians to convert to fit western social standards, such as shaving their beards.
54
Catherine the Great:
the successor of Peter, worked to make Russia a significant power, absolutist, challenged by Pugachev. Reformed Russia politically by dividing it into 50 provinces. Invaded Poland. Worked the improve the conditions of the impoverished.
55
Adam Smith:
18th-century Scottish philosopher known for being called the father of modern economics due to his ideas and theories regarding capitalism wrote the book “the wealth of Nations” productive labor=wealth and self interest= resources best put to use (1723-1790)
56
Galileo:
(Galileo Galilei) of Italy, completely disproved the Ptolemaic universe. (1564-1642) was the first person to use a telescope to track and observe celestial bodies as imperfect rather than heavenly. He used the stars and Jupiter’s moons to conclude that the universe was far larger than predicted thus far. He also discovered that the velocity of a falling object does not depend on weight, but rather the height at which it falls from.
57
Kepler: (
(Johannes Kepler) (1571-1630) helped to disprove the Ptolemaic theory. Also proved that the orbit of planets is elliptical rather than circular.
58
Nicolas Copernicus:
1543 (polish astronomer) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres disproved the Ptolemaic theory and revolutionized European science. Created the Copernican universe which theorized that the sun was the center of the universe, rather than the earth. Caused uproar as it went against many Christian beliefs and teachings. HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
59
Isaac Newton:
(1642-1727) English mathematician that changed science forever. Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687. Argued that the laws of gravity dictate the movements of celestial bodies throughout the universe. Helped calculate the movements of celestial bodies and explain natural phenomena, like the tides and why the moon orbits the earth. (Principia)
60
Elizabeth 1 Tudor of England:
Queen of England and Ireland from (1558-1603) she defeated the Spanish armada in 1558 and helped preserve Protestantism in England. Daughter of Anne Boylen and Henry III. Unified England Under Protestantism. Last Tudor monarch.
61
Emilie du Chatelet:
Used Principia Mathematica to support the work of Isaac Newton. Helped translate his work from geometry to calculus. Translated to French.
62
Transatlantic Slave Trade
spanned from 1600-1820 a three-part seafaring voyage centralized around the sale of captured African individuals to be sold into slavery.
Ships were manufactured in Liverpool, England, and sailed from Lisbon, Portugal to Sierra Leone Africa where the slaves were acquired. Then in the middle passage, the slaves faced insufferable conditions on the month-long journey to the Caribbean, mainly cuba. goods were acquired to be traded in England and Spain.
63
all power corrupts
When one gains power its can lead to bias, selfish decisions, and varying degrees of corruption based on the amount of power one has. when one is given complete dominion/power they become fully corrupt because they no longer show any regard for the needs of others, use power to satisfy their own needs. ex) putin historical example of partial corruption due to power was in the case of king george regarding treatment of the American colonies, exploiting them to benefit himself and the English people showing corruption yet still considering more than himself.
64
Peninsula
piece of land surrounded by water on three sides.
65
archipelago
a group of islands that form some sort of geometric symmetry
66
samurai
the samurai or the bushi were a class of elite warriors that served as the predominant military power for feudal Japan under the shogunate allowing them to maintain stable control. They lived by a strict code, called the code of Bushido that decreed they lived by strict values.
67
Shogun
Terminology for the military government /dicatatorship
Had more power than emperor and daimyo
68
heliocentric theory
first theorized by Isaac newton, prooved by the scientific revolution stating that the sun is the center of the solar system and everything including us revolves around it.
69
supply and demand
Supply refers to the market's ability to produce a good or service, whereas demand refers to the market's desire to purchase the good or service.
70
inflation
the rate of increase in prices over a given period of time.
71
divine right theory
defended the absolutist style of leadership, stating that the power of kings is derived from God meaning that no earthbound institution could hold them accountable for their actions.
72
code of bushido
the 7 principles the lives of the samurai were ruled by. Righteousness, Loyalty, Honor, Respect, Honesty, Courage, and Consistency.
73
The old regime of France
ruled by the predominantly bourbon dynasty in a system of leadership comprised of 3 estates that allowed for the wealthy 3% of the population to not pay taxes while 97% were forced to pay all taxes. Continued the cycle of power for the wealthy and diminutive control of the cycle of poverty.
74
bougeoisie
or the third estate, made up of lawyers, doctors, farmers, workers, anyone not in estates one and two. These people were the poorest, yet they paid all of the taxes.
75
Printing Press
invented by Joannes Gutenberg around 1436, and it forever changed the world. It allowed for a rapid and cost effective production of literary works, increasing literacy, connectivity, and global unification.
76
sale of indulgences
was a practice promoted by the corrupt Catholic Church which constitued selling individuals absolvement from their sins and a ticket to heaven in exchange for money. run by pope leo x, used money to finance lavish lifestyle and building of st. Peters Basillica. Reason for Martin Luthers 95 Theses, and catholic reformation.
77
guns, germs, and steel
these things combined separate the haves from the have-nots in the world and allowed for the Europeans to become so advanced and successful.
78
Suez Canal
1869 it is the fastest and most direct maritime trade link between Asia and Europe.
79
female infanticide
occurring mostly in Japan and China it was the deliberate murder of female infants due to their undesirable liability and inability to help a family gain a position socially.
80
filail piety
dervied from the teachings of confuscious, the idea that children have an eternal duty to take care of their parents with deference and respect.
81
foot binding
Taking strips of linen to constrain and bound the foot to shrink it to be extremely small and dainty.
Mainly done by the upper class, was seen as favorable for men, helped gain marital status
Increased patriarchal dominion
82
Age of enlightenment
intellectual and philosophical movement in europe throughout 17th/18th centuries. opposition of absolute monarch, promoted freedom and religious choice. Humans worked to understand universe.
83
Silk and Porcelain (China under Mings)
two of the main products of export that the ming dynasty perfected and were especially known for
84
origami
Served as an amusement activity. art of folding paper into shapes, especially animals.
85
Tokugawa
Tokugawa shogunate was a military leader that served alongside the daiymo and the shoguns, and helped unify japan in the 17th century
86
extermination
the process by which one group attempts to kill all the members of another group.
87
capitalism vs. socialism
Capitalism is based on individual initiative and favors market mechanisms over government intervention, while socialism is based on government planning and limitations on private control of resources. Left to themselves, economies tend to combine elements of both systems.
88
Death before disgrace
The strict code that the samurai lived by decreeing it is better to die than to be dishonored. sometimes even included killing themselves.
89
guillotine
machine with heavy blade that drops on persons neck, beheading them.
90
Estates General
3 estates of old regime of france based upon taxes. used in tax reform
91
conquistadores
Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century
92
Great Wall of China
constructed by the ming dynasty from the 14th -17th centuries, can be seen from spaced, served as border protection from nothern/mongol attacks
93
entrepreneur
“A person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss in order to make money.”
94
courtesans
- a prostitute, especially one with wealthy or upper-class clients.
- Oiran ( meaning: the first flower)( highest ranking courtesan)
- tayuu were similar to oiran but were allowed into the emperors palace, and had more freedom when choosing clients and going about their business
- Koshi( under oiran)
- geisha( entertained but not sexually)
95
Kabuki
Several containing “bawdy” skits that had singing and dancing comprised with embellished improve to make the show dramatic
Very popular in 17th century
96
assimilation
the process wherby two groupd of differing ethnic heritages are absorbed into the dominant culture of society.
97
indigenous cultures
Indigenous Peoples are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced. ex lakotas USA and mayans in guatemala
98
Mali empire
Established by King Sundiata Keita, known as the “Lion King,” the Mali Empire brought wealth, culture, and Islamic faith to West Africa. (13th-16th century) Lucrative trade empire
99
Black Ivory
black people subject to economic exploitation especially in plantation industry; (Merriam webster)
100
gender relations in Ming Dynasty
The teaching of Confuscious subjected women to the authority of men. Creating a patriarchal society, in which women were neglected and oppressed. Ancient Chinese culture favored the birth of a son over that of a daughter because son could bring respect, honor, money, women could not. Women served the purpose of marrying and having children. Many babies that were born female were killed.
101
accommodation.
The process whereby two groups may consciously or unconsciously come together to provide a comparable work environment but the two groups remain relatively separate in most culturally social events.
102
Hernan Cortez
conquering the Aztecs and claiming Mexico on behalf of Spain. (1485-1547) 1536
103
Francisco Pizzaro
conquering the Incas and executing their leader, Atahuapla. 1533
104
Baron de Montesquieu
Book: The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
What the book was about: It is a comparative study of three types of government: republic, monarchy, and despotism (absolute power). He sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state.
How did these new ideas change the world: Montesquieu concluded that the best form of government was one in which the legislative, executive, and judicial powers were separate and kept each other in check to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful. This form of government is used today in the United states, and was established to guarantee that nobody in the government would have absolute power.
105
Olympe de Gouzes
Book: Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen (written in 1791)
What the book was about: Gouges wrote this in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Male Citizen to enhance the rights of women and to guarantee the same rights for women as for men, which was granted by the revolutionary leaders in 1789. These rights include but are not limited to, education for women, shared property rights, the ability to vote, and holding spots in public office.
How did these new ideas change the world: While these ideas were dismissed by the revolutionary leaders in 1793, her ideas highlighted the Enlightenment themes of freedom and equality.
106
Eugene Delacroix (“Liberty”)
Painting of the French Revolution forever changed the feminist portrayal of individuals, a source of pride for French people as they are shown being led into era of peace and stability represents hope pride of french ppl in the louvre
107
Jacques-Louis David (Napoleon)
Commisioned by Napolean showed his exempliary leadership and strenth going into battle, portrayed him in a way that highlights his aptitude for leadership again shows hope and resilliency of the french people
108
Confucius & 5 relationships
Confucius was a philosopher and teacher who lived from 551 to 479 B.C.E. created a system of five relationships, ruler and subject, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend. made to ensure a peaceful society and power remained with leadership.
109
Ming Dynasty
(1368-1644) Following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty, it helped restore native rule to China, founded by Hongwu (1368-1398) drove the Mongols out of China and centralized the state/government. Mainly focused on keeping control of power and preventing invasion of the empire. Built the Great Wall of China. Moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing to prevent Mongol invasion. Eventually overrun by Mongols.
110
Qing dynasty
(1644 - 1911) last imperial dynasty in China, continued the tradition of a centralized state. They severed ties with the Manchu and forced men to shave in submission to the dynasty. Mostly “Pastoral nomads” had Divine right to rule, ie. sons of heaven of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
111
Atawalpa
13th and last emperor of the inca empire, where he was kidnapped held for ransome and executed by Francisco Pizarro
112
Voltaire
Book - Candide (1759)
What the book was about - Political irony and comedy, “stinging wit and sometimes bitter irony”, some targets of his were French royalty and the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote about the persecution of religious minorities and censorship of royalty
How did these new ideas change the world - Voltaire argued for individual Freedom and was an advocate for the separation of church and state and considered the Catholic church an agent of oppression.
113
Jean Jacques Rousseau,
Book: The Social Contract (1762)
What the book was about: Argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign. Touches on the main ideas of freedom for all individuals in a society, equality.
“In the absence of royalty, aristocrats, or other privileged elites, the general will of the people would carry the day”
How did these new ideas change the world: In an ideal society all individuals would participate directly in the formulation of policy and the creation of laws – Enlightenment = equality, freedom, and sovereignty.
114
Ptolemy
Greek astronomer, created geocentric theory of the universe that lasted for 600 years until disproved lived around 100 ad
115
Copernicus
1543 (polish astronomer) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres disproved the Ptolemaic theory and revolutionized European science. Created the Copernican universe which theorized that the sun was the center of the universe, rather than the earth. Caused uproar as it went against many Christian beliefs and teachings. (HELIOCENTRIC THEORY)
116
Galileo
(Galileo Galilei) of Italy, completely disproved the Ptolemaic universe. (1564-1642) was the first person to use a telescope to track and observe celestial bodies as imperfect rather than heavenly. He used the stars and Jupiter’s moons to conclude that the universe was far larger than predicted thus far. He also discovered that the velocity of a falling object does not depend on weight, but rather the height at which it falls from.
117
John Locke (“Two Treatises”)
Book : Second Treatise of Civil Government
What was the book about? The S.T.C.G was a book about government and how it arose in the remote past when people decided to work together, form civil society, and appoint rulers to protect and promote their common interests.
How did these new ideas change the world? Locke’s ideas changed the world because they sought to make kings responsible to the people they governed rather than the other way around, this allowed people to face less severe treatment from their rulers and improved most governments and monarchies overall.
118
Adam Smith (“Wealth of Nations”)
18th-century Scottish philosopher known for being called the father of modern economics due to his ideas and theories regarding capitalism wrote the book “the wealth of Nations” productive labor=wealth and self interest= resources best put to use (1723-1790) explained capitalism and early capitalist society
The book was about economic affairs and the laws of supply and demands and its effect on the marketplace. He describes a new system of manufacturing. Described an early capitalist society, and how that changed the demographics of wealth and power.
119
Edward Gibbon (“Decline & Fall”)
English parliament memeber who publish 6 volumes of the decline and fall of the roman empire linking the development of the western world to the roman empire 1776 contributed to the knowledge surrounding the fall of the Roman empire
120
Bartolomeu Dias
In 1488, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) became the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia
121
Mary Wollstonecraft
1759, London, England; d. 1797, London, England) Mary Wollstonecraft was a renowned women's rights activist who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792, a classic of rationalist feminism that is considered the earliest and most important treatise advocating equality for women. (Brooklyn museum)
122
Michelangelo
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the Italian renaissance. Most famous for his genesis depictions on the ceiling of sistine chapel. 1475-1564
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Leonardo da Vinci
Famous Italian painter, polymath, engineer, sculptor, scientist, and architect during Italian renaissance. most famous for creating the mona lisa in 1503
124
Medici family
The Medici, an art-loving family of wealthy bankers (and three popes), helped fund the Renaissance. extremely powerful political family that controlled papacy and most of wealth.
125
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, a spokesman for democracy, was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). (whitehouse.gov)
