Exam study guide Flashcards
Age of Exploration
1400-1770: period of time when Europeans countries began maritime exploration in search of things like resources, power, and a trade route to
Asia. Led to discovery of Americas, route to India and Asia, and new technology/ideas
Renaissance
15th-16th centuries: followed the dark/middle ages, known as a time of “rebirth” due to the classical Greek and Roman styles of art, architecture, and literature reappearing. mainly in Italy. Artists: Leonardo DaVinci (mona Lisa) Michelangelo
Motives of Exploration in 15th century
1) to gain power (financially, miliatarily, geographic, etc)
2) trade (to develop nautical trade route to Asia
3) resources and lands to exploit
4) missionary efforts spread Christianity
5) technology made exploration possible
Columbian exchange
following Columbus’ discovery of the Americas, a period of exchange of disease, plants, animals, technology, and ideas occurred.
whistleblower
someone informs on a person/organization who is corrupt or engaged in illegal activities
Serendipity
an unplanned beneficial discovery or occurrance
absolute power
to have complete unchecked control, meaning corrupt absolutely
95 theses
1517: written by Martin Luther, 95 complaints/points of argument against the Catholic Church mostly concerning its corruption and sale of indulgences
ex-communication
to be removed/banned from the sacraments/services of the Catholic church
salvation alone
you can worship, love God, go to heaven, without the interference of an institution like the church. Only God holds divine power not church authorities.
council of Trent
1545-1563: response to Martin Luther conference held by the Catholic church regarding how they should reform corruption in the church and affirm traditional church + teachings and authority.
counter-Reformation
also known as the Catholic reformation, was the church’s response to the protestant reformation which revealed corruption and instability in church tradition and authority.
King Philip II of Spain
1556-1598 (king of Spain) worked to stop the spread of Protestantism. helped Spain reach the peak of its power through European imperialism and worked to spread Christianity through exploration. * Lost a lot of the power in Spain when he attempted to force England to return to Catholicism in 1588 with the Spanish armada and lost
Queen Isabella of Spain
(1472-1504) castille, unified Spain through marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon. Funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage/exploration of the Americas. Catholic queen founded the Spainsh inquisition
Johannes Tetzel
German Friar who promoted the sale of indulgences, influencing Martin Luther’s 95 Theses pointing out church corruption.
Pope Leo X:
1513-1521 (Pope) head of the Catholic Church of the Medici family, known to be extremely corrupt, excommunicated Martin Luther
Vasco De Gama
1497 De Gama left Lisbon for India and imported goods such as pepper and cinnamon that were profitable enough to influence further expeditions to India.
Joannes Gutenburg
German inventor who around 1436 invented the first mechanized printing press. Which increased production and therefore accessibility to literary works allowing for a more connected, informed, and literate population.
Ignatius Loyala
1491-1556: ex nobleman and soldier who used religious literature to found the society of Jesus (Jesuits) group of strongly educated Christian missionaries
Harry Markopolos
A financial fraud investigator who uncovered the fraud in Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme and challenged the SEC multiple times.
Vladimir Putin
President of Russia since 2012, extremely corrupt invading Ukraine has no regard for others an has absolute power.
Leonardo Da Vinci
famous artist, inventor, and sculptor of the Renaissance, created the Mona Lisa in 1503.
Queen Elizabeth I of England
Queen of England and Ireland from 1556-1603 unified England under Protestantism and defeated the Spanish armada in 1558 taking away Spanish power. (last Tudor Monarch)
What was Yali’s question to Jared Diamond?
“Why you white men have so much cargo, and we New Guineans, have so little.”
- Diamonds Answer was that it all came down to geographic fortune which created conditions that made in possible for growth and innovation to take place.
Niccolo Machiavelli
16th-century Italian politician and philosopher. Known for his philosophies on how leaders should rule, very pessimistic, and wrote the “Prince”
- “It is better to be feared than loved.”
- “the ends justify the means.”
Louis XIII of France
Born 1601 king from 1610-1643, son of Henry IV who was assassinated
His mother, Marie de Medici tried to betray him to gain power and was exiled in 1617 His primary advisor was Cardinal Richelieu (1624-1642) and Mazarin (1643-1715) Father of King Louis XIV Led the siege of La Rochelle successfully
King Louis XIV
born 1638-1715, known as the “sun king, pushed absolutism and the divine right of kinds. Built the palace of Versailles (2000 rooms, lavish overspending of tax money) motto L’etat est moi. Cardinal Mazarin = advisor. Full body baths were rare and he only bathed twice in his life.
King Louis XV
The great-grandson of King Louis XIV, king from 1715-1774, vast overspending with high taxes upon the poorest French people, he lost several wars tp england, 7 years was 1756-1763, he lost the french holdings of land in America to the English
King Louis XVI
1774-1793 he made many poor leadership decisions, married Marie Antoinette famous for neglecting the poor and saying let them eat cake, was beheaded and caused French Revolution. Bankrupt the country by giving aid to the Americans in the American Revolution.
3 Estates of Old Regime of France
1 estate: the 1% made of the clergy, Religious, Bishops, priests
2nd estate: kings and wealthy landowners 2%
3rd estate: Bourgeosie the lawyers, doctors, farmers, workers anyone not in estates 1 and two were subject to tyranny from upper estates and paid all of the taxes
The Thirty Years War:
(1618-1648) Was a culmination of religious wars through a continental conflict in Europe. Most detrimentally affecting Germany. Most destructive pre-20th century war in Europe. Caused by the Holy Roman Empire’s attempt to force bohemians to revert to Roman Catholicism.
New Monarchs:
The people in the 15th and 16th centuries who ruled the predominantly powerful European states of England, France, and Spain, controlling their resources, and nobility, and establishing centralized regimes. (Louis XIII, Henry VIII, Fernando, and Isabel) Kingdoms of England, France, and Spain
The Spanish Inquisition:
Founded in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel was a mission that used religion to justify the expansion and control of state ends, and ultimately to cease the spread of Protestantism throughout Spain through fear of being accused of heresy by Inquisitors.
English Civil War of 1642-1649:
Civil war between the monarchy and religious leaders following the Church of England’s development led to the instigation of a constitutional government in England. 3 separate wars between Charles I and parliament. Charles believed in absolutism and Parliament disagreed, beheading him with the signature of Oliver Cromwell.
Glorious Revolution of 1688:
Following the reinstatement of the English monarchy, King James II was dethroned and the throne was given to his Daughter, Mary, and her Dutch Husband, William, who took over the throne under conditions set by parliament. Which led to a future of cooperation between parliament and the monarchy.
Absolutism:
The theoretical belief and system of ruling based on the idea that kings derived their power from divinity. Kings have absolute power.
Palace of Versailles:
Built around 1670. The residence of King Louis XIV; later became the palace of the royal court. Where all of the nobles of a high rank resided with their families and centralized the government around the king. The overall concept led to prosperity for the state of France.
Annulment:
Legal process that cancels a marriage due to extenuating circumstances such as incest. Declares a marriage, “null and void” like it never happened.
Balance of Power:
The cooperation between European states, ensuring that no one state would ever get too powerful, preventing empires from forming, and keeping Europe a consolidation of independent states.
Serfdom:
A cycle of labor that required peasants to work for landowners, preventing them from marrying or moving away unless they had permission from their landowner. Ended following the 15th century.
Rise of Capitalism
Capitalism, is an economic system in which private parties, individuals, and corporations provide commodities and services to the public market looking to benefit from market conditions. This led to a vast shift in society as the socio-economic structures changed with newfound and widespread wealth. The capitalistic ventures were largely opportunistic, looking to take advantage of supply and demand. Capitalism changed the way that financial risks were taken due to the emergence of insurance companies in most major cities. It also led to the decentralization of urbanization and the shift of society becoming entrepreneurial as many looked to take advantage of capitalistic ventures. Joint Stock Companies: extremely important because it partially mitigated some of the risks involved with expensive business ventures. (English East India Company, and VOC) Protoindustirialization: associated with the ‘putting out system,’ which moved the production of goods to the countryside making the cost of production cheaper. Socialism opposes capitalism
Ptolemaic Universe:
Was the theory made by Ptolemy in the second century, that reasoned there were 9 spheres surrounding the earth, that contained the Sun, Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn in the first 7, the stars in the 8th, and the 9th sphere was empty for the purpose of spinning the rest of the universe in movement. Everyone believed this until the 17th century.
Scientific Revolution:
The transformation of science due to the newfound practice of utilizing mathematics and observation as the basis of reasoning. Following the discoveries of Copernicus.
Charles V (Hapsburg):
A member of the extremely powerful Hapsburg family, who controlled Austria (1438) and held strong ties within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1517 or 1519 he inherited the position of the emperor in the Holy Roman Empire, however even with the means to create an all-powerful empire, he was restricted by the Lutheran movement and the dignitaries of other countries. Gave his power + land to king Philip II of Spain.
King Henry VIII Tudor of England:
Drastically increased English royal revenues by severing all ties between England and the Roman Catholic church, seizing all assets within England, and taxing royal services, propagating the English state and economy. (1485-1509) had 6 marriages and attempted to annul his first marriage, causing strife with the Catholic church.
Six Wives of Henry VIII:
Catherine of Aragon (first female ambassador in European History, got an annulment), Anne Boylen (beheaded for adultery), Jane Seymore (died 11 days after childbirth, only wife to die a queen), Anne of Cleves(died naturally and was married for only 6 months), Catherine Howard (was beheaded for having an affair), Katherine Parr (henry died 5 years after marriage). Anne Boylen and Catherine Howard were executed.
King Louis XI of France: 1400’s
known as the ‘spider king’ was able to make peace with England and reformed french royalty giving more power to kings and less to the barons. Following the 100 years war was able to conquer more lands such as the duchy of burgandy.
Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain:
founded the Spanish inquisition in 1478. United Spain through marriage and forced all Jews within Spain to convert to Christianity. Funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus.
Oliver Cromwell:
was the head of the state in the early 17th century, meaning protector of the commonwealth of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Defeated king Charles I facilitated his execution.
King Philip II of Spain:
King of Spain from 1556-1598, worked to stop the spread of Protestantism and helped Spain reach the peak of its power through European imperialism and worked to spread the empire. Attempted to regain control of England but was defeated by Queen Elizabeth I. 1588 sent spanish armada to england.
