May 11

Question 1

A deletion or addition of a number of bases not divisible by 3 in the coding region of a gene will cause what type of mutation?

Answer 1

Frameshift mutation

Question 2

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 2

deletion or addition of a number of bases not divisible by 3 in the coding region of a gene

Question 3

What does heme oxygenase do?

Answer 3

Converts heme to biliverdin, a pigment that causes greenish color to develop in bruises several days after an injury

Question 4

What enzyme is responsible for causing the greenish color of bruises?

Answer 4

Heme oxygenase

Question 5

Why is skeletal muscle resistant to calcium channel blockers?

Answer 5

Calcium release by the SR (and therefore contraction) is triggered by a mechanical interaction between L-type and RyR calcium channels; little dependence on extracellular calcium influx

Question 6

Patients with prolonged neutropenia are at increased risk for what infections?

Answer 6

Viral and fungal (most commonly Aspergillus and Candida)

Question 7

What is the MOA of fenoldopam?

Answer 7

Selective dopamine 1 receptor agonist; causes arteriolar dilation, increases renal perfusion, and promotes diuresis and natriuresis

Question 8

What is the most common cause of septic arthritis with prosthetic joints?

Answer 8

S epidermidis

Question 9

Is staph epidermidis resistant or susceptible to novobiocin?

Answer 9

Susceptible

Question 10

What is the mechanism for gingival hyperplasia seen with phenytoin?

Answer 10

Phenytoin increases the expression of PDGF, causing macrophages to promote proliferation of gingival cells and alveolar bone

Question 11

What are the symptoms of phenytoin toxicity?

Answer 11

Ataxia and nystagmus

Question 12

The left ventricular lead of a pacemaker courses through what structure?

Answer 12

The coronary sinus, which resides in the atrioventricular groove on the posterior aspect of the heart

Question 13

What veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein? What does the brachiocephalic vein drain into?

Answer 13

Jugular and and subclavian drain into; the brachiocephalic drains into SVC

Question 14

What is the difference in symptoms between compression of the SVC and brachiocephalic?

Answer 14

SVC has symptoms bilaterally; brachiocephalic ipsilaterally

Question 15

What pigment accumulates with age and “wear and tear”?

Answer 15

Lipofuscin

Question 16

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 16

Hepatic macrophages that line the walls of sinusoids and breakdown RBC

Question 17

Patient with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis presents with mononeuritis; what is the mechanism of the peripheral nerve involvement?

Answer 17

Vasculitis Involvement of the epineural vessels of peripheral nerves, causing mononeuritis multiplex (eg wrist drop due to radial nerve involvement)

Question 18

What are organophosphates?

Answer 18

Cholinesterase inhibitors; inhibit breakdown of Ach

Question 19

The most common mutation seen in CF is what?

Answer 19

3-bp deletion of phenylalanine at aa position 508

Question 20

The delta F508 mutation in CF causes what effect on DNA, RNA, Protein processing?

Answer 20

Causes impaired post-translational processing, which is detected in the ER, and the abnormal protein is targeted for proteasomal degradation.

Question 21

What hormone is responsible for increasing serum insulin levels due to oral glucose administration vs IV glucose?

Answer 21

Incretins - glucagon-like peptide-1 (and gastric inhibitory peptide)

Question 22

At what histological region do alveolar macrophages appear in the bronchopulomary tree?

Answer 22

Respiratory brochioles

Question 23

Ciliated mucosal epithelium lines what part of the pulmonary airways?

Answer 23

From the trachea to the proximal portions of the respiratory bronchioles

Question 24

What structures are incised when performing a cricothyrotomy?

Answer 24

Superficial cervical fascia –> pretracheal fascia –> cricothyroid membrane

Question 25

Decerebrate (extensor) posturing occurs when there is a damage to what region?

Answer 25

Brainstem at or below the red nucleus (in the midbrain tegmentum, pons)

Question 26

Decorticate (flexor) posturing occurs with damage to what?

Answer 26

Damage to neural structures above the red nucleus (eg cerebral hemispheres, internal capsule)

Question 27

What is decorticate posture?

Answer 27

Flexor posturing

Question 28

What is decerebrate posturing?

Answer 28

Extensor posturing

Question 29

How is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated?

Answer 29

With direct thrombin inhibitors

Question 30

What is the MOA of argatroban?

Answer 30

Direct thrombin inhibitor

Question 31

Niemann-Pick disease is a deficiency in what enzyme?

Answer 31

Sphingomyelinase

Question 32

What are the levels of C3 and C4 in PSGN?

Answer 32

Decreased C3; normal C4