Maxillary Facial Surgery Flashcards
List some of the causes of facial trauma.
Assault
Falling
Sports
Self harm
RTA
Industrial
Give an example of a common facial injury caused by trauma.
Mandibular fracture
What is the surgical treatment for a mandibular fracture?
Titanium plates hold together broken bones
What can be a complication of surgery for mandibular fracture?
Neurological injury to the inferior alveolar nerve as runs through mandible on both sides
In those with a skull-base fracture, which complication may be seen?
CSF leak
Why is orofacial swelling dangerous?
Can block airways and prevent breathing
What can cause orofacial swelling?
Often odontagenic e.g. dental infection
What is the treatment for orofacial sweeling?
Drainage of pus
Which type of carcinoma will the vast majority of head and neck cancers be?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What are some of the worrying signs of oral squamous cell carcinomas?
Areas of persisting redness
Speckled red/white lesion
Area of ulceration present for more than three weeks
New area of melanin pigmentation
White/red legions in the mouth can get confused with which type of infection?
Candida infection
->if not reacting to antifungal meds, consider carcinoma
List some of the members of an MDT for the management of a oral malignancy.
Maxillofacial surgeon/ENT surgeron
Oncologist
Restorative specialist
Specialist nurses
Speech and language therapist
Physiotherapist
What is the primary treatment for some oral squamous cell carcinomas?
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
What type of surgery may be carried out in a patient with oral malignancy?
Removal and reconstruction
What is oral mucosa?
Mucous membrane which covers all structures inside of the oral cavity except for the teeth
What colour is oral mucosa?
Differs depending on skin colour but usually pink or brown
What provides the tongue with it’s rough texture?
Papillae- fungiform, foliate, circumfoliate
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the tongue?
Lingual nerve
Which nerve provides the special sense of taste to the tongue?
Chorda tympani nerve
Which nerve supplies motor innervation to the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve CV XII
What is the junction between the anterior 2/3 of tongue and posterior 1/3 of tongue called?
Carcumvallte
or just vallate
What should a healthy palate look like?
Pink, moist and smooth
Name the ridges found towards the front of the palate.
Rugae
What would you see in a patient with aphthous stomatitis?
Mouth ulcers
Leukoplakia?
White patch
Erythroplakia?
Red patch
Erythroleukoplakia?
Red and white patch
What is the typical oral presentation for lichen planus?
Reticular- lace like white lines across bucular tissue of mouth
What is the treatment for oral lichen planus if it causes irritation?
Topical steroids
What is candidiasis?
Overgrowth of candida albicans
What can candidiasis cause?
Denture stomatitis
What is the prevention for denture stomatitis?
Removal of dentures at night
Soaking dentures in dilute milton or chlorhexodine
What is the treatment for denture stomatits?
Antifungal meds
Give an example of a topical antifungal which can be used in the treatment of denture stomatitis.
Nystatin
Amphotocerin B
Micronazole
Give an example of a systemic antifungal which can be used in the treatment of denture stomatitis.
Fluconazole
What is oral thrush?
Acute fungal infection
What would be seen in oral thrush?
White patches than can be wiped off to reveal white inflammed areas
Who is more likely to develop chronic hyperplastic candidiasis of the mouth.
Those who smoke
What is the treatment for chronic hyperplastic candidiasis?
Stop smoking
Anti-fungals
What is angular chellitis?
Red corners of mouth
In which nutritional deficiencies may angular chellitis be seen?
Vitamin B12
Iron
List some factors which can contribute to apthous ulcers.
Stress
Trauma to oral mucosa
Menstruation
Hereditary
Haematinic deficiencies
Where would you find minor apthous ulcers?
Non-keratonsing areas e.g. cheek, floor of mouth
Where would you find major apthous ulcers?
Posterior part of mouth
Which type of apthous ulcer may leave scarring?
Major apthous ulcers
How long will it take minor apthous ulcers to heal?
Less than two weeks
What are the treatments for apthous ulcers?
Antiseptic mouthwash
Steroids
What is the issue with apthous ulcers?
They are reoccurrent
Xerostomia?
Dry mouth
What causes xerostomia?
Reduced flow of saliva
What can xerostomia be a side effect of?
Chemotherapy to head and neck
What can severe xerostomia cause to happen?
Tooth decay
What is the management of xerstomia?
Saliva replacements
What can those with xerstomia be more susceptible to?
Oral candida infection
What is herpes labialis more commonly known as?
Cold soreW
What causes cold sores?
Reactivation of Herpes Simplex virus from trigeminal ganglion
What are the clinical features of herpes labialis?
Vesicular, crusting or ulcerated lesion typically around the lip.
Often preceded by prickling sensation
When may those with cold sores get them again?
Stress
Sunlight
