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Year 2- Head and Neck > Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Neck > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Area of weakness in the skull, point at which frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones join together.

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2
Q

Which artery may be affected if there is trauma or injury to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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3
Q

What may happen the middle menigeal artery is injured?

A

Extradural or epidural haematoma

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4
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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5
Q

Which muscle server ates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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6
Q

Muscles that are suprahyoid are found above the hyoid bone. Name the suprahyoid muscles.

A

Stylohyoid
Genitohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric

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7
Q

Muscles that are infrahyoid are found below the hyoid bone. Name the infrahyoid muscles.

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

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8
Q

Name the four subdivisions of the anterior triangle.

A

Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle
Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle

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9
Q

Name the arteries found in the anterior triangle.

A

Common carotid- branches to give ECA and ICA
Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery

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10
Q

Name the veins found in the anterior triangle.

A

Anterior jugular veins
Inferior jugular veins
Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid veins

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11
Q

Name the nerves found in the anterior triangle.

A

Vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Part of sympathetic trunk

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12
Q

Sorry, don’t hate me…want to try and name the branches of the external carotid artery?

There’s eight… use this pneumonic:
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

A

Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

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13
Q

What would you find in the area of the carotid bifurcation (approx. C4)?

A

Carotid body
Carotid sinus

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14
Q

What is the role of the carotid sinus?

A

Dilation, acts as as baroreceptor for detecting blood pressure

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15
Q

What is the role of the carotid body?

A

Chemoreceptor which detects acid based disturbances

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16
Q

What is the anterior border of posterior triangle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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17
Q

What is the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Trapezius muscle

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18
Q

What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Middle 1/3 of clavicle

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19
Q

Name the two divisions of the posterior triangle.
Which muscle separates these two divisions?

A

Occipital triangle
Subclavian triangle

Separated by omohyoid muscle

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20
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior triangle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Anterior scalene
Middle scalene
Trapezius

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21
Q

Name the most prominent artery of the posterior triangle.

A

Subclavian artery (third part)

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22
Q

Name the vein found in the posterior triangle.

A

External jugular vein

23
Q

Name the nerves found in the posterior triangle.

A

Accessory nerve
Branches of cervical plexus
Upper brachial plexus

24
Q

A patient needs a lymph node biopsy from the posterior triangle of the neck.
Which nerve will the doctor have to be careful not to damage?

A

Accessory nerve

25
Q

What would happen if the accessory nerve was accidentally damaged when taking a lymph node biopsy?

A

Palsy
Patient unable to shrug shoulders

26
Q

Name the two groups of lymphatic vessels which drain the head and neck.

A

Superficial lymph nodes
Deep lymph nodes

27
Q

Where do the superficial lymph nodes drain?

A

Scalp, face and neck

28
Q

Where do superficial vessels then drain into?

A

Superficial ring of lymph nodes found at junction of head and neck.

29
Q

Where do the deep lymph nodes arise from and then what do they go onto form?

A

Arise from deep cervical lymph nodes.
Converge to form right and left jugular lymphatic trunks

30
Q

What does the left jugular lymphatic trunk do?

A

Combines with thoracic duct at root of neck.
Empties into venous system via left subclavian vein.

31
Q

What does the right jugular lymphatic duct do?

A

Forms right lymphatic duct at root of neck.
Empties into venous system via right subclavian vein.

32
Q

Name the superficial groups of lymph nodes.

A

These are some of the ones felt in general examination!

Occipital
Pre auricular
Post auricular
Parotid
Submental
Submandibular

33
Q

Superficial nodes drain into deeper nodes. Name the deeper nodes.

A

Prelaryngeal
Jugulodigastric (tonsilar)
Subclavicular

34
Q

Virchow’s node if seen in the left subclavicular nodes. What is the significance of this node?

A

Receives drainage from the abdomen- significant clinically as if enlarged, may suggest abdominal malignancy

35
Q

Name the first line of defence against microbes which enter the body via nose and mouth.

A

Waldeyer’s Ring- oropharyngeal mucosa covering lymphatic tissue

36
Q

Name the lymphatic tissues found in Waldeyer’s Ring.

A

Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Tubal tonsil
Pharyngeal tonsil

37
Q

Which tonsils can be seen when looking inside someone’s mouth?

A

Palatine tonsils

38
Q

If someone has tonsillitis, what may happen to other lymph nodes in the head and neck?

A

May also become inflamed

39
Q

Describe the thyroid gland.

A

Butterfly shape
Largest endocrine gland
Midline of superior neck.

40
Q

Which level would you find the thyroid gland?

A

C5-T1

41
Q

What joins the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus

42
Q

Describe the parathyroid glands.

A

Small, brown, oval glands.
Posterior aspect of thyroid.

43
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

Usually 4
2x superior
2x inferior

44
Q

What does the thyroid secrete?

A

Hormones which manage metabolism (T3, T4)
Secretes calcitonin

45
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Controls calcium homesostasis

46
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormones which detect low levels of calcium and phosphate when they drop.

47
Q

Which organs do the parathyroid hormones work on to restore calcium ions to maintain homeostasis?

A

Skeleton
Kidneys
Intestine

48
Q

What is the arterial supply for the thyroid?

A

Superior thyroid artery (first branch of EXA)
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyroid ima- seen in 10% of people, extra blood supply

49
Q

What are the veins for the thyroid?

A

Superior thyroid veins
Middle thyroid veins
Inferior thyroid veins

50
Q

What is the arterial supply for parathyroid?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

51
Q

What are veins for the parathyroid?

A

Superior thyroid veins
Middle thyroid veins
Inferior thyroid veins

52
Q

What is one possible complication of getting the thyroid removed?

A

Developing a large blood clot (post-operative haematoma) which could lead to stridor and respiratory arrest.

53
Q
A

Year 2- Head and Neck (13 decks)

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