Mature lame animal 2

Question 1

What is the most common primary bone tumour

Answer 1

osteosarcoma

Question 2

List the osteosarcoma predilection sites

Answer 2

proximal humerus
distal radius
proximal tibia
Distal femur

Question 3

where do osteosarcomas tend to metastasise to

Answer 3

lungs- they will have done this by the time of diagnosis

Question 4

which breeds are predisposed to osteosarcomas

Answer 4

Giant and large breeds with average ages of 5-8 years

Question 5

List the cliical signs of bone neoplasia

Answer 5

marked pain with poor response to analgesia
muscle atrophy
moderate swelling
pathological fractures

Question 6

‘older dog has fractured a limb with no or little history of trauma’ what should you consider

Answer 6

could be osteosarcoma

Question 7

what do we see on radiography with osteosarcomas

Answer 7

this may show both a proliferative and destructive pattern
inital changes occur on the endosteal surface
always radiograph the chest

Question 8

How can we diagnose bone neoplasia

Answer 8

usually radiographical signs are enough but we can do core biopsies for definitive diagnosis

Question 9

Describe treatment of bone neoplasia

Answer 9

unlikely to be curative
Limb amputation - provides immediate pain relief
Limb sparing procedures
surgical therapy need to be followed by chemotherapy e.g. carboplatin

Question 10

what is the prognosis of osteosarcoma in dogs

Answer 10

poor
without treatment < 1 month
limb amputation <4-5 months
limb amputation + chemo - 9-10 months

Question 11

Describe prognosis of osteosarcoma in cats

Answer 11

If there is no evidence of metastatic disease then no follow up chemotherapy is advised and median survival times range from 24-44 months

Question 12

what do you see with nerve root tumours

Answer 12

Marked muscle atrophy usually in one limb (a monoparesis) as there is neurogenic as well as disuse atrophy
Painful

Question 13

How can you detect a nerve root tumour

Answer 13

palpation of the axilla and rectal exam- sometimes detect their presence
If not MRI

Question 14

where can nerve root tumours occur

Answer 14

brachial and lumbosacral plexuses

Question 15

Describe how to treat a never root tumour

Answer 15

Surgical resection but this can be difficult and limb amputation is often employed to remove the tumour

Question 16

what is the prognosis of a nerve root tumour

Answer 16

guarded and recurrence within 1 year likely
rarely spread to other sites though

Question 17

Describe cruciate rupture in the cat

Answer 17

usually obese, minimal trauma
Extra articular stabilisation but generally improve with rest only

Question 18

What is PADS

Answer 18

Patella fracture and dental anomaly syndrome

Question 19

describe PADS

Answer 19

Patella fractures in the cat
Associated with retained deciduous teeth and a variety of other typical fractures
They rarely heal

Question 20

How to treat PADS

Answer 20

conservative management
circumferential wire, tension bands without pins, pin and tension bands, circumferential wire and pin and tension band

Question 21

when does Capital physis separation occur in cats normally

Answer 21

Usually the cat is 6-7 months old

Question 22

List 6 clinical signs of joint disease in the dog and cat

Answer 22

walking stiffly
lameness in one or several limbs
swollen joints
pain on manipulation
reduced range of motion
muscle atrophy

Question 23

List 6 possible causes of secondary arthritis

Answer 23

developmental conditions
degenerative conditions
inflammatory arthropathies
trauma
sepsis
crystal induced - RARE

Question 24

Describe the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis

Answer 24

Weight bearing areas of the joint undergo fibrillation (fraying) of the articular cartilage
causes exposure of subchondral bone to synovial fluid–> sclerosis and osteophytes produced –> joint re-modelling

Question 25

List some examples of drugs used to treat/ manage osteoarthritis

Answer 25

Analgesia - e.g.
1. NSAIDs (really just want it to affect COX-2)
2. Opiates- for acute flare ups
3. Paracetamol - useful adjunct to NSAID- only in dog
3. Monoclonal antibosies
4. Disease modifying osteoarthritic drugs- e.g. cartrophen

Question 26

List 2 options for management of oestoarthritis

Answer 26

weight loss
physio/ hydrotherapy

Question 27

How to treat cruciate rupture in cats

Answer 27

they generally just improve with just rest but TTA and TPLO can be attempted

Question 28

clinical signs of capital physis separation in cats

Answer 28

obvious hip pain and difficulty jumping

Question 29

How to repair capital physis separation

Answer 29

stabilise with wires or a lag screw

Question 30

How do we diagnose joint disease

Answer 30

clinical exam
manipulation
radiography
CT
joint taps
arthroscopy
ultrasound