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Hematology > Maturation Process of All Cell Lines > Flashcards

Maturation Process of All Cell Lines Flashcards

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1
Q

Leukocyte Life Cycle

A

Differentiate, proliferate, mature in BM (Except T lymphocytes - Thymus)
Develop from the pluripotential HSC
Growth factor stimulation
Stem cell proliferates and differentiates
Various types of leukocytes develop

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2
Q

Mature Leukocyte Life Cycle

A 
Are stored in the BM, or
Released in the peripheral blood
Circulate briefly
Move into the tissues when stimulated
Perform function of host defense primarily in the tissues
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3
Q

Leukocyte Normal Ranges

A

Newborn: WBC count is high, 9-30 x 103/μL
Left-shifted (immature) granulocytes cells are found in circulation
Childhood: Gradually decreases through childhood, 4.5-18 x 103/μL
Adult: 4.5-11 x 103/μL

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4
Q

Neutrophil Life Cycle

A

Lifespan spent in 3 areas
BM – development and storage
Peripheral blood – circulate for a few hours
Tissues – perform their function of host defense

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5
Q

Neutrophil Normal Ranges

A

Children: 1.5-8.5 x 103/ul, relative 35-45%
Adult: 1.8-7 x 103/ul, relative 40-80%

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6
Q

Neutrophil Maturation Stages

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band neutrophil
Segmented neutrophil
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7
Q

Neutrophil Maturation Characteristics- Nucleus

A 
Entire size of cell slightly decreases
Nucleus
Chromatin condenses
N:C ratio decreases
Nucleoli disappear
Nucleus indents and segments
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8
Q

Neutrophil Maturation Characteristics- Cytoplasm

A

Loses basophilia, becomes neutral/pink
Production of purple/dark primary granules
Lose visibility as cell matures
Production of secondary granules
Increasingly occurs in the later stages of maturation
Give neutrophils their characteristic pink color

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9
Q

Myeloblast Characteristics

A

Nucleus: High N:C ratio, Usually round or oval, Lacy/evenly stained chromatin pattern, Nucleoli are usually visible
Cytoplasm: Small amount of basophilic agranular cytoplasm, Sometime shows light area adjacent to the nucleus, Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Promyelocyte Characteristics

A

Nucleus: High N:C ratio, Chromatin pattern still fine, But more coarse than a blast, Nucleoli are usually visible
Cytoplasm: Basophilic, Prominent purple primary granules

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11
Q

Myelocyte Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Round or oval, Decreasing N:C ratio, Fairly condensed chromatin pattern, Nucleoli usually not visible, Last stage capable of mitosis
Cytoplasm: Variable
Early myelocyte: Basophilic cytoplasm, Scattered primary granules
Later myelocyte: Neutral to pink cytoplasm, Few primary granules, Becomes pink as secondary granules are produced

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12
Q

Metamyelocyte Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Coarse and clumped chromatin, No nucleoli, Nuclear indentation begins, Kidney bean shape, Indentation cannot exceed half the width of a theoretically round/oval nucleus
Cytoplasm: Neutral pink color, May retain slight basophilic tinge, Due to predominance of secondary granules, Primary granules lose visibility, With an infection, Primary granules may be seen, Known as toxic granulation

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13
Q

Nuclear Indentation Criteria

A

Myelocyte: The nucleus is round, oval, or slightly flattened on one side.
Metamyelocyte: The nucleus is beginning to indent but does not exceed the half-way point of a theoretical round nucleus
Band: The nucleus is indented beyond the half-way point of a theoretical round nucleus

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14
Q

Band Neutrophil Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Coarse and clumped chromatin, No nucleoli, Indentation exceeds half the diameter of the theoretically round/oval nucleus
Cytoplasm: Neutral pink color, Due to predominance of secondary granules, Primary granules lose visibility, With an infection, Primary granules may be seen, Known as toxic granulation

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15
Q

Segmented Neutrophil Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Coarse and clumped chromatin, No nucleoli, 3-5 segments connected by a thin nuclear filament, Barr body sometimes visible (Females only- An expression of inactive X chromosome)
Cytoplasm: Neutral pink color, Due to predominance of secondary granules, Primary granules lose visibility
-With an infection, Primary granules may be seen, Known as toxic granulation

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16
Q

Neutrophil Granules- Primary

A

Also known as: Azurophilic granules, Non-specific granules; Dark, purple, Prominent, Lose the ability to stain with maturation
Exception: toxic granulation
Contents: Cytotoxic compounds, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Encased by phospholipid membrane

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17
Q

Neutrophil Granules- Secondary

A

Also known as: Specific granules
Small, sand-like, Gives cytoplasm a characteristic pink/neutral color
Contents: Peroxidase negative, Pro-inflammatory and chemotactic factors, Encased by a phospholipid membrane

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18
Q

Neutrophil Function

A

Part of the innate immune system (Does not require activation)
One of the first responders to inflammation
Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria
Release of chemotactic factors

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19
Q

Neutrophil Activity

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A

Circulate: ½ neutrophils circulate freely
OR
Marginate: ½ neutrophils slowly roll on the endothelial surface
Upon stimulation- Move to site, kill invading cell or bacteria
4 steps
Adherence
Migration
Phagocytosis
Bacterial killing

20
Q

Neutrophil Invasation

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A

Adherence: Activated by inflammatory cytokines, Neutrophils interact with vascular endothelial cell
Arrest: Neutrophils are bound more tightly to endothelium
Diapedesis: Squeezes through endothelial cells into tissues
Migration: Once in the tissues, Neutrophils migrate by following cytokines, Known as chemotaxis, Crawling motion to infected site

21
Q

Neutrophil Phagocytosis

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A

Recognition of pathogen: Enhanced by opsonized organisms
Pseudopods: Surround and internalize the organism
Phagosome: Fusion of granules/lysosomes with the ingested object, Formation of phagolysosome, Organism is killed and digested

22
Q

Respiratory Burst

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A

Requires large amounts of energy
Oxygen-dependent- Generates larges amounts of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), Rapid release of ROS into phagolysosome, Oxidation, disruption, and death of microorganism
Production of ROS is catalyzed by MPO- MPO is contained in primary granules, Catalyzes a reaction during the respiratory burst to produce hypochlorous acid

23
Q

Eosinophil Maturation

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A 
Same 6 stages as neutrophil maturation
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Eosinophilic myelocyte (First recognizable stage)
Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
Eosinophilic band
Segmented eosinophil
24
Q

Mature Eosinophil Characteristics

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A

Nucleus: 2-3 lobes
Cytoplasm:,Filled with large eosinophilic granules, Red-orange, Larger than neutrophil granules, Uniform size, evenly distributed, Contains proinflammatory cytokines

25
Eosinophil Function
Degranulation: Allergies, Parasitic worms | Capable of phagocytosis
26
Basophil Maturation
``` Same 6 stages as neutrophil maturation Myeloblast Promyelocyte Basophilic myelocyte Basophilic metamyelocyte Basophilic band Segmented basophil ```
27
Mature Basophil Characteristics
Segmented nucleus, Large purple-black granules, Unevenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm (May obscure the view of the cytoplasm and nucleus) Contains: Histamine (Vasodilation, Increases vascular permeability), Tryptase (An inflammatory enzyme), Heparin (An anticoagulant)
28
Basophil Function
Known as a mast cell when in the tissues IgE-mediated allergies IgE binds to mast cells Degranulation occurs when IgE binds antigen- Causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions: Allergic rhinitis, Asthma, Urticaria (hives), Anaphylaxis
29
Monocyte Characteristics
Produced in BM Closely related to the granulocytes (Several similar functions) More specialized functions Bipotential progenitor cell (CFU-GM)
30
Monocyte Maturation
3 stages of monocyte maturation Monoblast: Monoblasts cannot be microscopically differentiated from other blasts (In practice, we DO NOT microscopically differentiate blasts), The characteristics are generally the same (Just call it a blast) Promonocyte: A mix between a blast and a mature monocyte, Fine chromatin pattern, visible nucleoli
31
Monocyte Physical Characteristics
Largest mature cell in circulation Nucleus: Variable shapes, Commonly horseshoe or bean shaped, Loose chromatin pattern Cytoplasm: Blue-gray cytoplasm, Commonly vacuolated, Very fine sand-like granules, Small amounts of peroxidase
32
Macrophage Characteristics
Also known as Histiocytes The tissue form of monocytes- Monocyte enters tissues, Matures into macrophage, Lives for months Description: Becomes progressive larger Nucleus: Round appearance, Nucleoli appear Cytoplasm: Blue-gray with ragged edges, Many vacuoles, May see ingested material
33
Macrophage Function
Innate immunity Phagocytic scavengers: Cellular debris, Denatured proteins, Aged RBCs, recycle iron Acquired immunity A professional antigen presenting cell (P-APC): Innate phagocytosis of infectious agent, Presents antigen via MHC Class II to T-helper cells, Production of cytokines, Stimulate hematopoiesis, Chemotactic factors for more immune cells
34
Professional APCs
Macrophages B-cells Dendritic cells While in the tissues: Ingest and process antigens, Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, Present antigens to T-helper (Th) cells via MHC Class II
35
Non-professional APCs
Most nucleated cells through the body When virally infected or cancerous- Process and present viral/cancer antigens to cytotoxic T (Tc) cells via MHC Class I, Apoptosis is induced by Tc cells, Cancer/virus is eliminated
36
Lymphocyte Life Cycle
Continuously move in and out of lymphoid tissues and circulation 95% of all lymphs are in lymph nodes and spleen Long lifespan: 80% of lymphs have life span from months to years, Most other leukocytes only live a few days, Develop into memory cells, Proliferate upon re-activation
37
Lymphocyte Types
``` All originate in the BM Identical, but functionally different T cells B cells Natural killer (NK) cells ```
38
T and B lymphopoiesis
Antigen-independent lymphopoiesis: Takes place in primary lymphoid tissue B cells: Remain in the BM T cells: Quickly move to the thymus T and B cells: Become immunocompetent, Do not interact with antigens, Are considered naive, Exit primary lymphoid tissues, Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue
39
Antigen-dependent lymphopoiesis
Takes place in secondary lymphoid tissues- Spleen, Lymph nodes Professional APCs present antigens Recognition of and interaction with antigens T and B cells proliferate Perform their unique role, or become memory cells Mediate the acquired immune response
40
T Cells
Function: cell-mediated immunity Tc cells: Recognize antigen presented via MHC Class I, Induce presenting cell to undergo apoptosis Th cells: Recognize antigen presented via MHC Class II, Proliferate and quickly activate the acquired immune system, Stimulate B-cells to become antibody-producing plasma cells, Enhance the function of phagocytes, Produce cytokines, Orchestrates immune response, Activation and recruitment of more immune cells
41
B cells
Professional APCs, Humoral immunity (Activated B cells become plasma cells, Produce antigen-specific antibodies, Neutralizes or opsonizes the antigen)
42
NK Cells
Same function as Tc cells but with important differences Does not require antigen/MHC presentation to become activated Major component of the innate immune system
43
Lymphocyte Maturation
3 stages of maturation Lymphoblast: Lymphoblasts cannot be microscopically differentiated from other blasts (We DO NOT microscopically differentiate blasts) Prolymphocyte: Look like a regular small lymphocyte, Prominent nucleolus Lymphocyte: Highly variable
44
Large Lymphocyte
Up to twice the size of a RBC Nucleus: Lower N:C ratio, Chromatin can be more dispersed, May see nucleolus Cytoplasm: Lighter blue, Azurophilic granules may be present
45
Reactive Lymphocytes
Also known as: Variant lymphocytes, Atypical lymphocytes Nucleus: Lower N:C ratio, Variable shapes, Chromatin more dispersed, May see nucleoli Cytoplasm: Azurophilic granules, Sometimes small vacuoles, May show indentation by surrounding RBCs, Darkened cytoplasmic borders Few may be seen in healthy individuals Increased reactive lymphs often indicates viral infection
46
Plasma Cells
The terminally differentiated form of B-cells, Antibody-producing cells, Round or oval shape Nucleus: Eccentric placement, Nucleoli are not present Cytoplasm: Golgi apparatus is apparent, Clearing near the nucleus, Deeply basophilic rim, May have azurophilic granules

Hematology (17 decks)

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