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Hematology > Maturation Process of All Cell Lines > Flashcards

Maturation Process of All Cell Lines Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocyte Life Cycle

A

Differentiate, proliferate, mature in BM (Except T lymphocytes - Thymus)
Develop from the pluripotential HSC
Growth factor stimulation
Stem cell proliferates and differentiates
Various types of leukocytes develop

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2
Q

Mature Leukocyte Life Cycle

A 
Are stored in the BM, or
Released in the peripheral blood
Circulate briefly
Move into the tissues when stimulated
Perform function of host defense primarily in the tissues
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3
Q

Leukocyte Normal Ranges

A

Newborn: WBC count is high, 9-30 x 103/μL
Left-shifted (immature) granulocytes cells are found in circulation
Childhood: Gradually decreases through childhood, 4.5-18 x 103/μL
Adult: 4.5-11 x 103/μL

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4
Q

Neutrophil Life Cycle

A

Lifespan spent in 3 areas
BM – development and storage
Peripheral blood – circulate for a few hours
Tissues – perform their function of host defense

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5
Q

Neutrophil Normal Ranges

A

Children: 1.5-8.5 x 103/ul, relative 35-45%
Adult: 1.8-7 x 103/ul, relative 40-80%

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6
Q

Neutrophil Maturation Stages

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band neutrophil
Segmented neutrophil
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7
Q

Neutrophil Maturation Characteristics- Nucleus

A 
Entire size of cell slightly decreases
Nucleus
Chromatin condenses
N:C ratio decreases
Nucleoli disappear
Nucleus indents and segments
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8
Q

Neutrophil Maturation Characteristics- Cytoplasm

A

Loses basophilia, becomes neutral/pink
Production of purple/dark primary granules
Lose visibility as cell matures
Production of secondary granules
Increasingly occurs in the later stages of maturation
Give neutrophils their characteristic pink color

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9
Q

Myeloblast Characteristics

A

Nucleus: High N:C ratio, Usually round or oval, Lacy/evenly stained chromatin pattern, Nucleoli are usually visible
Cytoplasm: Small amount of basophilic agranular cytoplasm, Sometime shows light area adjacent to the nucleus, Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Promyelocyte Characteristics

A

Nucleus: High N:C ratio, Chromatin pattern still fine, But more coarse than a blast, Nucleoli are usually visible
Cytoplasm: Basophilic, Prominent purple primary granules

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11
Q

Myelocyte Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Round or oval, Decreasing N:C ratio, Fairly condensed chromatin pattern, Nucleoli usually not visible, Last stage capable of mitosis
Cytoplasm: Variable
Early myelocyte: Basophilic cytoplasm, Scattered primary granules
Later myelocyte: Neutral to pink cytoplasm, Few primary granules, Becomes pink as secondary granules are produced

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12
Q

Metamyelocyte Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Coarse and clumped chromatin, No nucleoli, Nuclear indentation begins, Kidney bean shape, Indentation cannot exceed half the width of a theoretically round/oval nucleus
Cytoplasm: Neutral pink color, May retain slight basophilic tinge, Due to predominance of secondary granules, Primary granules lose visibility, With an infection, Primary granules may be seen, Known as toxic granulation

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13
Q

Nuclear Indentation Criteria

A

Myelocyte: The nucleus is round, oval, or slightly flattened on one side.
Metamyelocyte: The nucleus is beginning to indent but does not exceed the half-way point of a theoretical round nucleus
Band: The nucleus is indented beyond the half-way point of a theoretical round nucleus

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14
Q

Band Neutrophil Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Coarse and clumped chromatin, No nucleoli, Indentation exceeds half the diameter of the theoretically round/oval nucleus
Cytoplasm: Neutral pink color, Due to predominance of secondary granules, Primary granules lose visibility, With an infection, Primary granules may be seen, Known as toxic granulation

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15
Q

Segmented Neutrophil Characteristics

A

Nucleus: Coarse and clumped chromatin, No nucleoli, 3-5 segments connected by a thin nuclear filament, Barr body sometimes visible (Females only- An expression of inactive X chromosome)
Cytoplasm: Neutral pink color, Due to predominance of secondary granules, Primary granules lose visibility
-With an infection, Primary granules may be seen, Known as toxic granulation

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16
Q

Neutrophil Granules- Primary

A

Also known as: Azurophilic granules, Non-specific granules; Dark, purple, Prominent, Lose the ability to stain with maturation
Exception: toxic granulation
Contents: Cytotoxic compounds, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Encased by phospholipid membrane

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17
Q

Neutrophil Granules- Secondary

A

Also known as: Specific granules
Small, sand-like, Gives cytoplasm a characteristic pink/neutral color
Contents: Peroxidase negative, Pro-inflammatory and chemotactic factors, Encased by a phospholipid membrane

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18
Q

Neutrophil Function

A

Part of the innate immune system (Does not require activation)
One of the first responders to inflammation
Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria
Release of chemotactic factors

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19
Q

Neutrophil Activity

A

Circulate: ½ neutrophils circulate freely
OR
Marginate: ½ neutrophils slowly roll on the endothelial surface
Upon stimulation- Move to site, kill invading cell or bacteria
4 steps
Adherence
Migration
Phagocytosis
Bacterial killing

20
Q

Neutrophil Invasation

A

Adherence: Activated by inflammatory cytokines, Neutrophils interact with vascular endothelial cell
Arrest: Neutrophils are bound more tightly to endothelium
Diapedesis: Squeezes through endothelial cells into tissues
Migration: Once in the tissues, Neutrophils migrate by following cytokines, Known as chemotaxis, Crawling motion to infected site

21
Q

Neutrophil Phagocytosis

A

Recognition of pathogen: Enhanced by opsonized organisms
Pseudopods: Surround and internalize the organism
Phagosome: Fusion of granules/lysosomes with the ingested object, Formation of phagolysosome, Organism is killed and digested

22
Q

Respiratory Burst

A

Requires large amounts of energy
Oxygen-dependent- Generates larges amounts of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), Rapid release of ROS into phagolysosome, Oxidation, disruption, and death of microorganism
Production of ROS is catalyzed by MPO- MPO is contained in primary granules, Catalyzes a reaction during the respiratory burst to produce hypochlorous acid

23
Q

Eosinophil Maturation

A 
Same 6 stages as neutrophil maturation
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Eosinophilic myelocyte (First recognizable stage)
Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
Eosinophilic band
Segmented eosinophil
24
Q

Mature Eosinophil Characteristics

A

Nucleus: 2-3 lobes
Cytoplasm:,Filled with large eosinophilic granules, Red-orange, Larger than neutrophil granules, Uniform size, evenly distributed, Contains proinflammatory cytokines

25
Q

Eosinophil Function

A

Degranulation: Allergies, Parasitic worms

Capable of phagocytosis

26
Q

Basophil Maturation

A 
Same 6 stages as neutrophil maturation
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Basophilic myelocyte
Basophilic metamyelocyte
Basophilic band
Segmented basophil
27
Q

Mature Basophil Characteristics

A

Segmented nucleus, Large purple-black granules, Unevenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm (May obscure the view of the cytoplasm and nucleus)
Contains: Histamine (Vasodilation, Increases vascular permeability), Tryptase (An inflammatory enzyme), Heparin (An anticoagulant)

28
Q

Basophil Function

A

Known as a mast cell when in the tissues
IgE-mediated allergies
IgE binds to mast cells
Degranulation occurs when IgE binds antigen- Causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions: Allergic rhinitis, Asthma, Urticaria (hives), Anaphylaxis

29
Q

Monocyte Characteristics

A

Produced in BM
Closely related to the granulocytes (Several similar functions)
More specialized functions
Bipotential progenitor cell (CFU-GM)

30
Q

Monocyte Maturation

A

3 stages of monocyte maturation
Monoblast: Monoblasts cannot be microscopically differentiated from other blasts (In practice, we DO NOT microscopically differentiate blasts), The characteristics are generally the same (Just call it a blast)
Promonocyte: A mix between a blast and a mature monocyte, Fine chromatin pattern, visible nucleoli

31
Q

Monocyte Physical Characteristics

A

Largest mature cell in circulation
Nucleus: Variable shapes, Commonly horseshoe or bean shaped, Loose chromatin pattern
Cytoplasm: Blue-gray cytoplasm, Commonly vacuolated, Very fine sand-like granules, Small amounts of peroxidase

32
Q

Macrophage Characteristics

A

Also known as Histiocytes
The tissue form of monocytes- Monocyte enters tissues, Matures into macrophage, Lives for months
Description: Becomes progressive larger
Nucleus: Round appearance, Nucleoli appear
Cytoplasm: Blue-gray with ragged edges, Many vacuoles, May see ingested material

33
Q

Macrophage Function

A

Innate immunity
Phagocytic scavengers: Cellular debris, Denatured proteins, Aged RBCs, recycle iron
Acquired immunity
A professional antigen presenting cell (P-APC): Innate phagocytosis of infectious agent, Presents antigen via MHC Class II to T-helper cells, Production of cytokines, Stimulate hematopoiesis, Chemotactic factors for more immune cells

34
Q

Professional APCs

A

Macrophages
B-cells
Dendritic cells
While in the tissues: Ingest and process antigens, Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, Present antigens to T-helper (Th) cells via MHC Class II

35
Q

Non-professional APCs

A

Most nucleated cells through the body
When virally infected or cancerous- Process and present viral/cancer antigens to cytotoxic T (Tc) cells via MHC Class I, Apoptosis is induced by Tc cells, Cancer/virus is eliminated

36
Q

Lymphocyte Life Cycle

A

Continuously move in and out of lymphoid tissues and circulation
95% of all lymphs are in lymph nodes and spleen
Long lifespan: 80% of lymphs have life span from months to years, Most other leukocytes only live a few days, Develop into memory cells, Proliferate upon re-activation

37
Q

Lymphocyte Types

A 
All originate in the BM
Identical, but functionally different
T cells
B cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
38
Q

T and B lymphopoiesis

A

Antigen-independent lymphopoiesis: Takes place in primary lymphoid tissue
B cells: Remain in the BM
T cells: Quickly move to the thymus
T and B cells: Become immunocompetent, Do not interact with antigens, Are considered naive, Exit primary lymphoid tissues, Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue

39
Q

Antigen-dependent lymphopoiesis

A

Takes place in secondary lymphoid tissues- Spleen, Lymph nodes
Professional APCs present antigens
Recognition of and interaction with antigens
T and B cells proliferate
Perform their unique role, or become memory cells
Mediate the acquired immune response

40
Q

T Cells

A

Function: cell-mediated immunity
Tc cells: Recognize antigen presented via MHC Class I, Induce presenting cell to undergo apoptosis
Th cells: Recognize antigen presented via MHC Class II, Proliferate and quickly activate the acquired immune system, Stimulate B-cells to become antibody-producing plasma cells, Enhance the function of phagocytes, Produce cytokines, Orchestrates immune response, Activation and recruitment of more immune cells

41
Q

B cells

A

Professional APCs, Humoral immunity (Activated B cells become plasma cells, Produce antigen-specific antibodies, Neutralizes or opsonizes the antigen)

42
Q

NK Cells

A

Same function as Tc cells but with important differences
Does not require antigen/MHC presentation to become activated
Major component of the innate immune system

43
Q

Lymphocyte Maturation

A

3 stages of maturation
Lymphoblast: Lymphoblasts cannot be microscopically differentiated from other blasts (We DO NOT microscopically differentiate blasts)
Prolymphocyte: Look like a regular small lymphocyte, Prominent nucleolus
Lymphocyte: Highly variable

44
Q

Large Lymphocyte

A

Up to twice the size of a RBC
Nucleus: Lower N:C ratio, Chromatin can be more dispersed, May see nucleolus
Cytoplasm: Lighter blue, Azurophilic granules may be present

45
Q

Reactive Lymphocytes

A

Also known as: Variant lymphocytes, Atypical lymphocytes
Nucleus: Lower N:C ratio, Variable shapes, Chromatin more dispersed, May see nucleoli
Cytoplasm: Azurophilic granules, Sometimes small vacuoles, May show indentation by surrounding RBCs, Darkened cytoplasmic borders
Few may be seen in healthy individuals
Increased reactive lymphs often indicates viral infection

46
Q

Plasma Cells

A

The terminally differentiated form of B-cells, Antibody-producing cells, Round or oval shape
Nucleus: Eccentric placement, Nucleoli are not present
Cytoplasm: Golgi apparatus is apparent, Clearing near the nucleus, Deeply basophilic rim, May have azurophilic granules

Hematology (17 decks)

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