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Abi Science 2017 > Matter, Phases of Matter and Kinetic and Molecular Theory > Flashcards

Matter, Phases of Matter and Kinetic and Molecular Theory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

What determines the observable characteristics of matter and the way that it reacts?

A

The properties of its particles

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3
Q

What are twelve properties of matter?

A 
Strength
Brittle
Malleable
Ductile
Thermal conductivity 
Electrical conductivity 
Lustre
Magnetic
Density
Sonorous
Melting point
Boiling point
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4
Q

What does the property of strength indicate?

A

How difficult or easy it is to break the material

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5
Q

What does the property of brittleness indicate?

A

The material breaks easily

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6
Q

What does the property of malleability indicate?

A

The material can be bent and made into sheets

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7
Q

What does the property of ductility indicate?

A

The material can be drawn into wire

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8
Q

What does the property of thermal conductivity indicate?

A

The material can conduct heat

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9
Q

What does the property of electrical conductivity indicate?

A

The material can conduct electricity

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10
Q

What does the property of lustre indicate?

A

The shine that a material has

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11
Q

What does the property of magnetism indicate?

A

The material can be attracted by a magnet

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12
Q

What does the property of density indicate?

A

The mass of the material per unit volume

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13
Q

What does the property of sonorousity indicate?

A

The material emits a ringing sound when struck

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14
Q

What does the property of melting point indicate?

A

The temperature at which the material changes from a solid to a liquid

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15
Q

What does the property of boiling point indicate?

A

The temperature at which the material changes from a liquid to a gas

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16
Q

How are materials classified?

A

Into pure and impure substances

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17
Q

How are pure substances classified?

A

Into elements and compounds

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18
Q

How are impure substances classified?

A

Into homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures

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19
Q

How are elements classified?

A

Into metals and non-metals

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20
Q

What are pure substances?

A

Substances that only have one type of molecule in them

They have a constant composition

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21
Q

What do pure substances have?

A

A constant composition

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22
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance which cannot be broken down into further simpler substances

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23
Q

Who created the Periodic Table?

A

Dmitri Mendelev

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24
Q

What is the Periodic Table?

A

An arrangement of all the elements in a tabulated form

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25
Q

What are the horizontal rows of the Periodic Table called?

A

Periods

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26
Q

What are the vertical columns in the Periodic Table called?

A

Groups

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27
Q

Where are metals found on the Periodic Table?

A

Mainly on the left hand side

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28
Q

What are the metals in group one called?

A

Alkali metals

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29
Q

What are the metals in group two in the Periodic Table called?

A

Alkaline earth metals

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30
Q

Where are the non-metals on the Periodic Table found?

A

Mainly on the right hand side

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31
Q

What are the elements in group seventeen called?

A

The halogens

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32
Q

What are the elements in group eighteen called?

A

The noble gases

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33
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A 
Have lustre
Are malleable
Are ductile
Are sonorous
Are heat conductors
Are electrical conductors
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34
Q

What are the properties of non-metals?

A 
Are dull
Are brittle
Are not sonorous 
Are heat insulators
Are electrical insulators
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35
Q

What are electrical cables generally made of?

A

Copper

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36
Q

Why is copper used for electrical cables?

A

It is a very good electrical conductor

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37
Q

What usually surrounds copper cable?

A

Plastic

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38
Q

Why does plastic often surround electrical cables?

A

It is a good electrical insulator

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39
Q

Why is nichrome used for heater and stove elements?

A

It conducts electricity well, but has high resistance and therefore creates heat

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40
Q

Is air a conductor or insulator?

A

It is a thermal insulator

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41
Q

What three elements are magnetic?

A

Nickel
Cobalt
Iron

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42
Q

What are metalloids?

A

Elements that can be classified as either metals or non-metals

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43
Q

Where can metalloids be found?

A

Along the metal non-metal division line

44
Q

Why can metalloids be classified either way?

A

They display properties of both metals and non metals

45
Q

What are the eight metalloids?

A 
Boron
Silicon
Germanium
Arsenic
Antimony
Tellurium
Polonium
Astatine
46
Q

What property do metalloids have that metals do not?

A

They conduct electricity better at high temperatures

47
Q

What two metalloids are commonly found in microchips?

A

Silicon

Germanium

48
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio

49
Q

What is another term for an impure substance?

A

A mixture

50
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their own properties (no chemical change)
The substances can be present in any ratio

51
Q

What are the two types of mixtures?

A

Homogeneous

Heterogenous

52
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture in which the composition of the mixture is the same throughout
It consists of two or more substances in the same phase

53
Q

How can one tell if something is a homogeneous mixture?

A

No amount of optical magnification will reveal one region to be different from another

54
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture?

A

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform

55
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A heterogeneous mixture where the solute is not dissolved in the solvent, but merely dispersed through it

56
Q

Give an example of a suspension

A

Sand mixed in water

If left to sand, the sand will settle to the bottom

57
Q

What is immiscible?

A

The term used to describe two liquids that do not mix

58
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A heterogenous mixture made of two or more immiscible liquids
Once again the particles are not dissolved into one another, merely dispersed

59
Q

How can mixtures be separated?

A

By physical means

60
Q

What are some examples of physical separation methods?

A 
Evaporation
Condensation 
Funnelling
Magnetism
Filtration
61
Q

What two methods can be used to check the purity of a substance?

A

Boiling / melting

Chromatography

62
Q

How does boiling test for purity?

A

Different substances have different boiling points

If the substance boils at two or more points, then the substance is not pure

63
Q

How does chromatography test for purity?

A

Different substances move through filters at different rates

If the substance is passed through water, then the different components of the mixture could become visible

64
Q

What five properties are used to compare solids liquids and gases?

A 
Intermolecular forces (IMF)
Movement
Shape
Volume 
Compressibility
65
Q

What are the IMF like in a solid?

A

Strong

They hold particles in a fixed formation called a crystal lattice

66
Q

What is the movement like in a solid?

A

The particles vibrate in fixed positions

67
Q

How does matter exist?

A

In phases

68
Q

What is the shape of a solid like?

A

It holds its own shape

69
Q

What is the volume of a solid like?

A

It has its own volume

70
Q

Can a solid be compressed?

A

No

It’s particles are too close together

71
Q

What are the IMF like in a liquid?

A

Weaker

Can still hold particles together

72
Q

What is the movement of a liquid like?

A

The particles can roll over each other and change places

They can be poured

73
Q

What is the shape of a liquid like?

A

It takes on the shape of the container

74
Q

What is the volume of a liquid like?

A

It has its own volume

75
Q

Can you compress a liquid?

A

No

The particles are still too close together

76
Q

What are the IMF in a gas like?

A

Almost non-existent

77
Q

What is the movement of a gas like?

A

Particles are free to move and have lots of kinetic energy

78
Q

What is the shape of a gas like?

A

Has no shape

79
Q

What is the volume of a gas like?

A

Does not have its own volume

Takes on volume of the container

80
Q

Are gases compressible?

A

Yes

The particles are far apart

81
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles

The velocity at which particles move

82
Q

What is important to note about molecules and their movement?

A

All particles move, but not all at the same speed

83
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

Ek = 1/2 mv^s

Kinetic energy is equal to half of mass times velocity squared

84
Q

When do substances change phase?

A

When their temperature changes past a certain point

85
Q

What is a melting point?

A

The point at which a solid changes to a liquid

86
Q

What is the freezing point?

A

The point at which a liquid changes to a solid

87
Q

What is interesting about the freezing and melting point of a substance?

A

They are the same temperature

88
Q

What is the boiling point?

A

The point at which a liquid changes to a gas and vice versa

89
Q

What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?

A

Boiling: all of the molecules increase in temperature at the same rate and they will all turn into a gas. Boiling only occurs at specific temperatures
Evaporation: only the molecules near the surface of a liquid turn into a liquid and the substance does not heat up evenly. Evaporation can happen at any temperature

90
Q

Why is evaporation important for maintaining body temperature?

A

When molecules evaporate, they take their increased energy with them
The rest of the substance therefore has less average energy i.e is colder
When sweat evaporates from our skin, our skin gets colder

91
Q

When does boiling occur?

A

When vapour pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal

92
Q

What can change the boiling point of a substance?

A

Atmospheric pressure

93
Q

Why does atmospheric pressure affect the boiling point of a substance?

A

More energy is needed to overcome greater atmospheric pressure

94
Q

What kind of relationship exists between altitude and the boiling point of a substance?

A

Inverse

The greater the altitude, the lower the boiling point

95
Q

What is sublimation?

A

When a substance changes straight from a solid to a gas

96
Q

Give an example of a substance that sublimates

A

Iodine

97
Q

Why does sublimation occur?

A

The IMF are so weak that only a little bit of heat is needed to break them

98
Q

What kind of change is a phase change?

A

Physical

99
Q

How does the temperature of a solid rise?

A

More energy is added

They vibrate faster

100
Q

Why do molecules have potential energy?

A

They have forces of attraction and repulsion between them

101
Q

What happens to a substance when it reaches its melting point?

A

The particles’ kinetic energy remains constant and their potential energy is increased

102
Q

When can a substance’s temperature begin to rise (after a phase change)?

A

Only when all the molecules have changed phase

103
Q

What happens when a liquid reaches its boiling point?

A

The kinetic energy stops increasing, instead the potential energy increases

104
Q

Which takes longer-boiling or melting?

A

Boiling

105
Q

Why does boiling take longer than melting?

A

In boiling, the particles have to completely break the forces of attraction between them, rather than just the crystal lattice structure

106
Q

What is the transition phase in a heating curve?

A

The time when the kinetic energy of particles increases or decreases

107
Q

What is a heating curve?

A

A graph showing the phase change of a substance

Abi Science 2017 (18 decks)

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