Chemcial Bonding Flashcards
What do all substances (apart from the noble gases) do?
Bond in some way to achieve stability
What are the three broad categories of the different types of bonds?
Metallic
Ionic
Covalent
Which elements form a metallic bond?
Metals
Which elements form an ionic bond?
Metals and non-metals
Which elements form covalent bonds?
Non-metals
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond where there is a transfer of electrons
In an ionic bond, what kind of atoms exist?
Electron donors
Electron acceptors
What are electron donors?
Atoms that will give off electrons in a chemical reaction where an ionic bond will be formed
They will form cations
What are electron acceptors?
Atoms that will accept electrons in a chemical reaction where an ionic bond is formed
They will form anions
What do we use to show the formation of an ionic bond?
Lewis notation
What does Lewis notation look like?
The valence electrons of the atoms in the reaction are shown using dots and crosses
These symbols surround the chemical symbol
How are Lewis diagrams drawn?
The valence electrons of both elements are drawn, using dots for the one and crosses for the other
The dots and crosses are filled in starting from the top and going anticlockwise
Hund’s Rule must be followed (no electron pairing until all the orbitals are filled
What is the charge of an ionically bonded compound?
The overall charge is neutral
The once atom will be a cation
The one atom will an anion
What is valency?
The ability of the valence electron to participate in a reaction
What do Lewis diagrams help to determine?
The ratio of an ionic compound
What happens if the valency of two atoms participating in an ionic reaction is not equal?
There will have to be multiple numbers of the one atom
What charge do the transition elements usually form?
A positive charge of two
What charge does Ag form?
A 1+ charge
Why are they called transition elements?
Some of them can form different types of charges
How is the type of charge that a transition element will form shown?
Using Stock notation
What is Stock notation?
Roman numerals
Written in bracket next to the written out form of a transition element
The number represented by Roman numerals is the charge in will form in that reaction
What is another name for polyatomic ons?
Radicals
What are radicals?
Groups of atoms chemically bonded to one another
They form ions together
Why do radicals occur in many common compounds?
They are particularly stable
What does the suffix -ide mean?
An individual element in the second word of a compound name
What does the suffix -ate mean?
Represents a radical contains oxygen
What does the suffix -ite mean?
A radical containing one less oxygen than the corresponding -ate radical
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond where the electrons are shared between the two atoms
What is a molecule?
A group of covalently bonded atoms
How is a covalent bond drawn using Lewis notation?
The dots and crosses representing the shared electron pair (s) of electrons between the chemical symbols of the two atoms
The remaining electrons are drawn around the outside of the element’s symbol
What is the pair of electrons that is shared in a covalent bond called?
Bonding pair(s) of electrons
What are the pairs of valence electrons that are not involved in the covalent bond called?
Lone pair(s) of electrons
What is another way in which we can show covalent bonds?
Couper notation
How does Couper notation look?
As lines between the two bonded atoms
The number of lines depended on the number of shared electron pairs
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH4
What determines the number of bonding pairs in a covalent bond?
The valency of the participating atoms
What is a double bond?
It is when there are two bonding pairs between two atoms in a covalent bond
What is a triple bond?
A covalent bond where there are three bonding pairs shared between two atoms
What can indicate the ratio of different elements in a compound?
Prefixes
When are prefixes used?
When there is a covalent bond
Why are prefixes necessary for the naming of covalent compounds?
Sometimes covalent molecules do not achieve noble gas state, so we need to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element in a covalent compound
What prefixes are used in the naming of covalent compounds?
Prefixes that indicate number
Which prefix indicates that there is one atom of an element in a compound?
Mono
Which prefix indicates that there are two atoms of an element in a compound?
Di
Bi
Which prefix indicates that there are three atoms of an element in a compound?
Tri
Which prefix indicates that there are four atoms of an element in a compound?
Tetra
Which prefix indicates that there are five atoms of an element in a compound?
Penta
Which prefix indicates that there are six atoms of an element in a compound?
Hexa
Which prefix indicates that there are eight atoms of an element in a compound?
Octa
When are prefixes not used in a covalent bond?
When there is only one atom of the first element named in the compound
How are electrons arranged in a metallic bond?
They are delocalised
What are delocalised electrons?
Valence electrons that are not associated with any particular metal atom
What property allows valence electrons to be delocalised in metallic bond?
They lose their valence electrons easily
Why can metals conduct electricity?
The delocalised electrons in a metal allow for an easy flow of electrons
What is the relative mass of a compound?
The expected mass of a compound
How is the relative mass of a compound found?
By adding the average masses of the bonded elements together and multiplying each mass by the number of that particular atom in the compound
What is the relative compound mass of a covalent substance called?
Relative molecular mass
What is the symbol for relative molecular mass?
M
What is the relative compound mass of an ionic substance called?
Relative formula mass
What is the symbol for relative formula mass?
Ar
What is relative molecular mass measured in?
Grams per mol
What is relative formula mass measured in?
Atomic mass units
