Matter and Measurement

Question 1

is the field of study concerned with the characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter

Answer 1

Chemistry

Question 2

includes all things, both living and non-living.

Answer 2

Matter

Question 3

Physical state

Answer 3

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Question 4

characterized by a definite shape and a definite volume

Answer 4

Solid

Question 5

characterized by an indefinite shape and a define volume

Answer 5

Liquid

Question 6

characterized by an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume

Answer 6

Gas

Question 7

distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and description

Answer 7

Property

Question 8

characteristics that can be observed without changing the basic identity of the substance (ex. Color, odor, physical state, melting/boiling point, hardness)

Answer 8

Physical property

Question 9

describes the way the substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance

Answer 9

Chemical property

Question 10

a substance changes its physical appearance but not is chemical composition (ex. Changes in physical state)

Answer 10

Physical change

Question 11

a substance undergoes a change in chemical composition. It always involve conversion of the material under consideration into one or more new substances

Answer 11

Chemical change

Question 12

a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means

Answer 12

Pure substance

Question 13

-physical combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity
-One characteristic of any mixture is that its components can be separated using physical means

Answer 13

Mixture

Question 14

a mixture that contains visible different phases (parts), each of which has different property

Answer 14

Heterogenous mixture

Question 15

contains only one visibly distinct phase (part), which has a uniform properties throughout (ex. Sugar-water mixture)

Answer 15

Homogenous mixture

Question 16

pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical means

Answer 16

Element

Question 17

pure substance that can broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means (ex. Water [H2O] can be broken down into the elements hydrogen and oxygen)

Answer 17

Compound

Question 18

Notes: Compounds vs Mixtures
-Remember, substances can be combined either physically or chemically
-No such binding occurs during physical combination

Answer 18

Notes:
-Physical combination of substances produces a mixture
-Chemical combination of substances produces a compound, a substance in which combining entities are bound together

Question 19

The discovery and isolation of the 117 known elements, the building blocks for all matter, have taken place over a period of several centuries. Most of the discoveries have occurred since

Answer 19

1700, the 1800s being the most active period

Question 20

Note: Elements
Each element has a unique name; some bear geographical names (germanium, francium and polonium), some are named for the planets (mercury, uranium, neptunium), some reflect specific properties of the element or of the compounds containing it

Question 21

one- or two-letter designation for an element derived from the element’s name

Answer 21

Chemical symbol

Question 22

is the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element

Answer 22

Atom

Question 23

Note:
-A sample of any element is composed of atoms of a single type, those of that element. In contrast, a compound must have two or more types of atoms present, because by definition at least two elements must be present
-Free atoms are rarely encountered in nature
-Atoms are almost always found together in aggregates or clusters

Question 24

is a group of two or more atoms that functions a unit because the atoms are tightly bound together

Answer 24

Molecules

Question 25

is a molecule that contains two atoms, a triatomic molecule contains three, and so on.

Answer 25

diatomic molecule

Question 26

is a molecule in which all atoms present are of the same kind. Substances containing (ex. Hydrogen [H2], oxygen [O2], nitrogen [N2], and chlorine [Cl2])

Answer 26

homoatomic molecule

Question 27

is a molecule in which two or more kinds of atoms are present.

Answer 27

heteroatomic molecule

Question 28

Note: -The atoms present may all be of the same kind, or two or more kinds may be present -Substances containing heteroatomic molecules are compounds (ex. Water [H2O]

Question 29

molecules made of atoms from different elements

Answer 29

Compounds

Question 30

atoms connected by chemical bond

Answer 30

Molecules

Question 31

Note: ALL COMPOUNDS ARE MOLECULES, BUT NOT ALL MOLECULES ARE COMPOUNDS H2 is a molecule, but not a compound (only H is present) H2O is both a molecule and a compound (H and O are present)

Question 32

is a notation made up of the chemical symbols of the elements present in a compound and numerical subscripts (located to the right of each chemical symbol) that indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound.

Answer 32

chemical formula

Question 33

determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of something

Answer 33

Measurement

Question 34

Note: There are two systems of measurement that is used commonly: The English system of units and the metric system of units

Question 35

Examples of units in the English system are

Answer 35

inch, foot, pound, quart, and gallon

Question 36

Examples of units in the metric system are

Answer 36

gram, meter, and liter

Question 37

Examples of units in the metric system are

Answer 37

gram, meter, and liter

Question 38

Note: Metric System Units -In the metric system, there is one base unit for each type of measurement -Prefixes are then added to the base unit -The meter (m) is the base unit of length in the metric system (1 m is equivalent to 1.09 yards) -The gram (g) is the base unit of mass in the metric system (28 g = 1 ounce, 454 g = 1 pound) -The liter (L) is the base unit of volume in the metric system (1 L is equivalent to 1.06 quarts)

Question 39

Measurements will always have a degree of uncertainty or error

Answer 39

Uncertainty in Measurements

Question 40

are digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is estimated

Answer 40

Significant figures

Question 41

are digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is estimated

Answer 41

Significant figures

Question 42

note: -Uncertainty is indicated by the number of significant figures recorded -Number of significant figures = all certain digits + one estimated digit

Question 43

. In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures

Answer 43

that contains the fewest significant figures

Question 44

In addition and subtraction, the answer is given with as many significant figures as the measurement with the

Answer 44

least number of decimal places

Question 45

is a numerical system in which numbers are expressed in the form A X 10n, where A is a number with a single nonzero digit to the left of the decimal place and n is a whole number

Answer 45

Scientific notation

Question 46

Note: -The coefficients are combined in the usual way (multiplied or divided) -The rules for exponential terms are: 1. To multiply exponential terms, add the exponents 2. To divide the exponential terms, subtract the exponents Ex. (2.33 x 103) x (1.55 x 104) 2.33 x 1.55 = 3.61 103 x 104 = 103+4 = 107 Final answer is 3.61 x 107

Question 47

is a ratio that specifies how one unit of measurement is related to another unit of measurement It is derived from equalities that relate units Ex. 1 minute = 60 seconds A pair of conversion factor can be derived from this equality (1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒)/(60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠) and (60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠)/(1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒)

Answer 47

Conversion Factors

Question 48

is a general problem-solving method in which the units associated with numbers are used as a guide in setting up calculations

Answer 48

Dimensional Analysis

Question 49

-is the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by that object -Generally expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids, grams per milliliters (g/mL) for liquids

Answer 49

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚

Question 50

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 formula

Answer 50

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚= 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔/𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Question 51

is a form of energy. Temperature is an indicator of the tendency of heat energy to be transferred

Answer 51

Heat

Question 52

Note: -Heat energy flows from objects of higher temperature to objects of lower temperature. -Both the Celsius and the Kelvin are part of the metric system; Fahrenheit scale belongs to the English system -The Celsius scale is the most commonly used in scientific work