matter and fundamentals Flashcards
LEARN THIS CRAP
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass/inertia
Atom
all matter is composed of fundamental building blocks
What is a primary characteristic of matter?
Mass
The quantity of matter remains unchanged regardless of its state. But it can be transformed from
one size, shape, and form to another
What is energy?
ability to do work
The unit of energy in radiology is:
electron volt {eV}
Potential energy (PE)
the ability to do work by virtue of position
Formula for potential energy
PE=mgh
M=mass
H= distance above earth
G= acceleration due gravity (9.8 m/s2)
Kinetic energy (KE)
the energy of motion
Formula Kinetic energy (KE)
KE= 1/2 mv^2
m=mass
v=velocity
The work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (volatage)
electrical energy
- Energy of motion at the molecular level
- it is the kinetic energy of molecules
Thermal energy (heat)
energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom
nuclear energy
controlled nuclear energy
nuclear reactor
uncontrolled energy of the nuclear energy
atomic bomb
energy that is transmitted through space as a combination of electric and magnetic field
electromagnetic energy
what is the most important energy in the field of radiology?
Electromagnetic energy
Another name for electromagnetic energy:
radiant energy or radiation
type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts
ionizing radiation
Interaction between radiation and matter
ionization
what are interchangeable?
matter and energy
matter and energy was first described by
albert einstein in the theory of relativity
mass-energy equivalence equation
E=mc2
3 basic measurable quantities
length, mass, time
unit of Length
based on meter. which used to be the distance between two engraved lines on a platinum-iridium bar.
1mm = ____m
.001
1cm= ___m
.01m
1km=____m
1000m
Unit of mass
kilogram
1 kg = the mass of 1000 cm3 of water
at 4o C.
unit of time
second
It is based on the vibration of Cesium atoms.
- a measure of how fast an object is moving
- the rate of change of its position with time
Velocity (speed)
Formula for velocity
v=d/t
D=distance
t= time
FPF
furlongs per fortnight
FPS
feet per second
MPH
miles per hour
the rate of change of velocity
acceleration
it is a measure of how quickly or slowly the velocity is changing
formula for acceleration
A= Vf-Vi/t
vf= final velocity Vi= initial velocity t= time
Newton’s Laws of motion: First law
A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.
Newton’s Laws of motion: Second law
The force (F) that acts on an object is equal to the mass (m) of the object times the acceleration (a) produced. F = ma
Newton’s Laws of Motion: third law
For every action, there is an equal an opposite reaction.
The force on a body due to the pull of gravity.
Weight
WT.= mg
The value of acceleration due to gravity on the moon
is only about _______ that on the Earth.
1/6
Defined as the force applied to an object times the distance over which it is applied.
work
formula for work
W = Fd
The rate of doing work
power
formula for power
P= work/t=fd/t
The KE of the random motion of molecules.
Heat
Unit of heat
Calorie; defined as the heat
necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of water
1oC.
Numeric prefixes
Mega: one million (106) Kilo: one thousand (103) Centi: one one-hundreth (10-2) Milli: one one-thousandth (10-3) Micro: one one-millionth (10-6)
matter is usually found in nature in __________ form, as a mixture of ________ composition.
impure, indefinite
the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristic properties of the element
atom
The Smallest Subdivision of a substance having the Characteristic properties of that substance.
molecule
Any material that has a definite, constant composition.
substance
Simple substance
Elements — cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means. [Na, Fe, Pb, O2, H2, W(tungstun)]
Complex substance
-formed by chemical union of two or more elements in definite Proportions (NaCl, H2O, HCl, H2SO4
C22H12O11).
-These can be decomposed by chemical (or other) means.
Greek word for Atom
Atomos which means uncut
Most widely held theory of atomic structure is the ____________. First proposed in ______ by _______.
Bohr Atom; 1913; niels bohr
Protons
-positively charged
-Small mass (1.6 x 10-24g) (~ 1850 x mass of e-)
-
All protons are _____, but each element has its own _______ _______ of protons.
identical; characteristic number
Neutrons
- no charge
- same mass as proton; (1.6 x 10-24g)
The positively charged nucleus contains most of the _____ of the atom.
MASS
Electron
- negatively charged
- extremely small mass
- orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels/orbits/shells
Shell start with the letter:
K
formula for maximum number of electrons in a shell
2N^2
Neutral atom
one in which the total number of orbital electrons equals the total number of protons in the nucleus.
Atomic Number
- The # of protons in the nucleus.
- The “atomic number” of each element distinguishes it from all other elements
- symbolized by “ Z”
Mass number
majority of the mass is in its nucleus (protons and neutrons)
symbolized by “A”
Chemical Symbols
The shorthand notation used to denote a specific element or isotope of an element.
X-is the generic symbol for the elements
Isotope
Atoms of the same element having different mass numbers
Difference is in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Isobars
Two or more atoms with the same atomic weight (mass #) but with different atomic numbers.
Isomers
Two or more atoms with the same molecular formula, but different physical and chemical properties
Isotones
Two or more atoms with the same # of neutrons but having different # of protons in the nucleus.
Same Z#; different A#; #neutrons different
isotope
<p>
| Different Z#, same A#; #neutrons different</p>
<p>
| isobars</p>
Same Z#; same A; #neutrons same
isomers
Different z#, Different A#, #neutons same
isotones
The energy required to remove an e- from a particular shell and beyond the range of the nucleus
binding energy
The closer a shell is to the nucleus the______ the binding energy
GREATER
The higher the z#, the _____ the binding energy.
GREATER
The property of elements that is determined by the number of e- in the Outer shell.
CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR
Octet Rule
An atom tends to be chemically stable when its outer shell contains exactly 8 e-.
The only exception to this is Helium with 2 e- in the outer shell.
Ions
Atoms that either lose or gain electrons. Positive ion-lose electron Negative ion-gain
Valance
The number of e- lost, gained, or shared by an atom in chemical combination.
Bond
Two or more elements are joined together by one of
several different types of chemical bonds.
Ionic bond
Bond between 2 ions. It is a transfer of e- between the elements.
Covalent bond
Sharing of e- between 2 or more atoms
Ionization
The process of converting atoms to ions.
Produced exclusively by the addition or removal of outer shell electrons
Types of ionization
- Exposure of matter to X-rays of Gamma Rays
- Exposure of matter to a stream of electrons. Ex. Cathode to anode
- Exposure of certain elements to light. Ex fluoro
- Thermionic emission ex. Cathode, space charge
Group Number of periodic table
represent the outer shell, how many electrons in the outer shell
Period number of the periodic table
period number represent how many electrons shells they have
