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RTCA244 Image production 2 > Fluoroscopy > Flashcards

Fluoroscopy Flashcards

1
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

a DYNAMIC radiographic examination which makes possible the visualization of internal organs in MOTION

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2
Q

Xrays were initially discovered by ___________ because of their ability to cause _________.

A

Roentgen, Fluorescence

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3
Q

who invented the fluoroscope and in what year?

A

Thomas edison in 1896

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4
Q

First generation Fluoroscope consist of:

A

x-ray tube, table, and fluoroscopic screen

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5
Q

Light from the fluoroscopic screen was so faint that exams were performed in ________ -________.

A

Darkened room

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6
Q

How long did it take for the radiologist to dark adapt their eyes?

A

20-30 min

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7
Q

A sheet of ____ covered the florescent screen so the radiologist could look directly at the screen.

A

lead glass

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8
Q

what does the human eye have the ability to adapt to?

A

low levels of illumination

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9
Q

Where are type of receptors located within?

A

retina

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10
Q

where are cones located?

A

densely concentrated in the posterior of the retina which is called the fovea centralis

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11
Q

Cones function most efficiently in:

A

bright light

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12
Q

cones are used for _______ vision.

A

daylight or photopic

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13
Q

where cones sparsely scattered and what are they used for?

A

over the rest of the retina and used for peripheral vision during daylight

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14
Q

where are rods located?

A

located around the periphery of the retina. none are located in the fovea centailis

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15
Q

where do the rods function best?

A

best with low level of illumination, dim vision

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16
Q

what are rods used for?

A

night vision which is peripheral

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17
Q

night vision is also called:

A

scotopic vision

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18
Q

rods are most sensitive to which kind of wave-length light?

A

blue-green

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19
Q

what color goggles do you wear to dark adapt and why?

A

red goggles which filter out blue-green wavelength

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20
Q

dim fluoroscopic images require the use of _____ vision.

A

rod

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21
Q

Using rod vision leads to:

A

poor visual acuity, poor ability to detect shade of grey (contrast)

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22
Q

what led to the development of the image intensifier?

A

the need to produce a bright image to allow the use of cone vision w/o giving the patient an excessive radiation exposure

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23
Q

What is an image intensifier?

A

an ELECTRONIC vacuum tube that converts the pattern of the x-ray beam to a BRIGHT LIGHT IMAGE

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24
Q

what are the 5 basic elements of an image intensifier?

A

Input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, accelerating anode, output phosphor

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25
Q

What is the input phosphor(IP) made of?

A

Cesium Iodide (Csl)

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26
Q

What the input phosphor increase and decrease?

A

Increases image quality and resolution, decrease phosphor thickness

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27
Q

Older screens were made up of:

A

Zinc Cadmium Sulfide (ZnCdS)

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28
Q

When the input phosphor is stuck by xrays what is produced?

A

Bright light

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29
Q

The intensity of the light produced be the IP is __________ to the number of x-rays incident on it.

A

Proportional

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30
Q

Photocathode (PC) is made up of a

A

photoemissive metal (combination of Cs and Sb)

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31
Q

Photocathode responds to light from IP and emits _______.

A

electrons (e-)

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32
Q

For the photocathode, the number of e- produced is _____________ to the intensity of light sticking the PC.

A

Proportional

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33
Q

What prevents chemical reaction between Photocathode and Input phosphor?

A

a thin transparent layer

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34
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability of a system to image an object faithfully

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35
Q

Both IP & PC are ________ for undistorted focusing of the e- beam.

A

Curved

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36
Q

Since IP & PC are curved this allows the electrons to travel _________ __________ to the output phosphor.

A

same Distance

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37
Q

What is the electrostatic focusing lens?

A

series of negatively charged electrodes on the inside surface of the tube

38
Q

The purpose of the electrostatic focusing lens.

A

To focus electron beam as it flows toward the output phosphor

39
Q

All electrons meet/ converge at ____ ______.

A

focal point.

40
Q

Because they are traveling in straight lines, this results in __________ and __________ the image

A

Inverting and reversing

41
Q

Where does point inversion occur at?

A

focal point

42
Q

Where is the accelerating tube located?

A

in the neck of the tube

43
Q

purpose of the accelerating anode

A

functions to accelerate electrons toward the output phosphor

44
Q

Accelerating anode has a ____ to ______ kv positive potential relative to PC.

A

25-35

45
Q

Output phosphor (OP) is made of

A

Zinc Cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS)

46
Q

Output phosphor is ____ to ____ inches in diameter.

A

1/2 inches to 1 inch

47
Q

electrons arrive at OP at very high kinetic energy. they contain the image of the IP in __________ form.

A

minified

48
Q

Input phosphor is _______ then output phosphor

A

bigger

49
Q

How much more light does output phosphor produce compare input phosphor? and this is due to?

A

50 times; high kinetic energy of e- beam

50
Q

The image from the OP, in the form of ___ _____, is the same image that was carried to the IP via the _____ x-ray beam.

A

light photons; remnant

51
Q

what is brightness gain?

A

The ability of the image intensifier to increase the ILLUMINATION LEVEL of the image

52
Q

Brightness gain is dependent on what two sources?

A

minification gain and flux gain

53
Q

What is minification gain?

A

occurs due to the same number of light photons produced on IP being compressed to the small area of the OP

54
Q

minification gain is dependent on:

A

diameter of IP &OP

55
Q

the formula of minification

A

ratio of the square of the diameter of the IP to the square of the diameter of the OP

56
Q

what is the range for the input phosphor diameter?

A

4” to 20”

57
Q

What is the usual diameter of the output phosphor?

A

1” or 2.5cm

58
Q

Minification gain is simply an increase in _________ or __________, not an improvement in the ______ or number of light photons making up the image.

A

Brightness; intensity; quality

59
Q

what is the flux gain?

A

ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-ray at the input phosphor

60
Q

Flux gain formula

A

of light photons at OP over # of light photons at IP

61
Q

Brightness gain (BG) formula

A

BG= (MG)(FG)

62
Q

Dim objects can be viewed better with _______ vision.

A

peripheral

63
Q

purpose of angiography

A

to visualize vessels

64
Q

in general, during fluoroscopy as compared with radiography:

A

the mA will be lower

65
Q

radiation can cause cataracts in what part of the eye?

A

lens

66
Q

During a fluoro exam, static images are obtained on:

A

spot film

67
Q

Visual acuity

A

the ability to perceive fine detail

68
Q

The fluoro tube is located:

A

under or over the table

69
Q

As compared with radiography, the x-ray technique required for fluoroscopy calls for:

A

lower mA

70
Q

what properties is associated with rods but not with cones

A

scotopic vision

71
Q

what is the ocular structures immediately precedes the vitreous humor along the path of incident light?

A

lens

72
Q

Radiographic images are viewed under

A

photopic conditions

73
Q

The fovea centralis is part of the ______

A

retina

74
Q

Fluoroscopy normally requires a tube current of

A

1 to 5 mA

75
Q

During fluoroscopic imaging, Reducing ____ increases _________ ____________.

A

kVp; image contrast

76
Q

Automatic brightness stabilization (ABS) is designed to compensate for

A

patient composition

77
Q

Video viewing of the fluoroscopic image is advantageous because __________.

A

the image is brighter

78
Q

what structure of the eye is most sensitive to colors?

A

cones

79
Q

the fluoroscopic system designed to maintain a constant image intensity

A

Automatic brightness control (ABC)

80
Q

function of the iris

A

Control the light level

81
Q

Photoelectric emission

A

the emission of electrons from an illuminated surface

82
Q

At what stage of image intensified fluoroscopy is the number of image forming photons lowest?

A

Entering the input phosphor

83
Q

image intensifier brightness gain increases when ________ ______increases

A

flux gain

84
Q

when an image intensifier receives x-rays at the input phosphor, what is emitted at the output phosphor?

A

visible light

85
Q

What does the photocathode convert?

A

visible light into electrons

86
Q

The minification gain of an image intensifier increases when ______ increases

A

input phosphor size

87
Q

sequence for image intensified fluoroscopy

A
  1. X-rays to light
  2. Light-to-electrons
  3. Electrons-to-light
  4. light-to-electric signal
  5. Electric signal to light
88
Q

in output phosphor _________ is emitted

A

light

89
Q

when does the photocathode emit electrons?

A

when its illuminated by the input phosphor

90
Q

what is modulation?

A

a change in a quality or signal in a response to another quantity or signal

91
Q

video monitoring uses how many frames per a second?

A

30 frames per sec

RTCA244 Image production 2 (5 decks)

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