Mating Systems

Question 1

Mating system

Answer 1

Characteristic pattern of mating relationship among opposite sex members of a species

Question 2

The definition of mating does not always pertain to ____ ______ and _______ of offspring.

Answer 2

pair bonding

rearing

Question 3

_______ _______ affects _________ traits not ______ traits

Answer 3

Natural selection
individual
group

Question 4

Monogamy

Answer 4

Neither sex able to monopolize additional members of opposite sex

Question 5

What ecological classification of mating systems is fitness maximized through shared parental investment?

Answer 5

monogamy

Question 6

Polygyny

Answer 6

Individual males frequently control or gain access to multiple females.

Question 7

Polyandry

Answer 7

Individual females frequently control or gain access to multiple males.

Question 8

Polygynandry

Answer 8

Individual males and females frequently control or gain access to multiple members of the opposite sex.

Question 9

What is an example of polygyny?

Answer 9

female defense

Question 10

What is an example of polyandry?

Answer 10

female access

Question 11

Who are the two people that proposed that mating systems are a manifestation of the interaction between two factors?

Answer 11

Stephen Emlen

Lewis Oring

Question 12

What are the two factors that Stephen Emlen & Lewis Oring proposed?

Answer 12

1) sexual conflict via differential selection on males & females to maximize their reproductive success
2) ecological via resource limitation & distribution

Question 13

What are females limited by rather than mating opportunity?

Answer 13

limited by resource availability

Question 14

What percentage of mammals show a monogamy mating system?

Answer 14

5%

Question 15

What are the 5 characteristics of a monogamy mating system?

Answer 15

1) reduced intra-sexual selection
2) reduced sexual dimorphism
3) reproductive success equivalent across sexes
4) increase parental care
5) variations possible

Question 16

What is one example of monogamy mating and who researched these animals?

Answer 16

> Oldfield mice
90% progeny product of monogamous pair-bond
Foltz in 1981

Question 17

Polygyny

Answer 17

one male with more than one female

Question 18

Polyandry

Answer 18

one female with more than one male

Question 19

What are the 2 temporal variations of polygamous mating systems?

Answer 19

1) Simultaneous

2) Sequential

Question 20

Simultaneous

Answer 20

maintain multiple partners in the same general time frame

Question 21

Sequential

Answer 21

form many short-term bonds over the course of the breeding cycle

Question 22

What are the 3 Lekk mate choice hypotheses?

Answer 22

1) Hotshot
2) Hotspot
3) Female preference hypothesis

Question 23

Hotshot hypothesis

Answer 23

Male with the best display gets the females

Question 24

Hotspot hypothesis

Answer 24

The location of a male in the lek determines his success

Question 25

Female preference hypothesis

Answer 25

She wants a lot of males for comparisons

Question 26

Good genes hypothesis

Answer 26

leks provide the opportunity to compare many males and select health/vigorous male traits that lead to offspring with higher survival probability

Question 27

Sexy son hypothesis

Answer 27

leks provide the opportunity to compare many males and select attractive male traits that lead to the production of male offspring with attractive traits

Question 28

What are the two forms of promiscuous mating?

Answer 28

1) without pair-bonds

2) with pair-bonds

Question 29

Without pair-bonds

Answer 29

males defend territory with food resource and females repeated visit different males’ territory

Question 30

With pair-bonds (polygynandry)

Answer 30

Several males form pair-bonds with several females

Question 31

Dunnock

Answer 31

Pre-copulatory mating display involving cloaca-pecking

Question 32

Female reproductive success is related to availability of ______ not to _____ where males reproductive success is more related to access to ______ and not to ________.

Answer 32

resources; mates

mates; resources

Question 33

Who developed the polygyny threshold model and when was it developed?

Answer 33

Orians in 1969

Question 34

What does the polygyny threshold model state?

Answer 34

the female may be better off becoming the second “wife” if the male’s territory is rich and allows her to raise more offspring than if she paired with a male who had a a poor territory

Question 35

What are the 3 predictions of the polygyny threshold model?

Answer 35

1) polygyny should be most common in patchy habitats
2) male territory quality influences number of females attracted
3) females who mate with already mated males should have at least as high reproductive success as females choosing unmated males

Question 36

Extra-pair copulation

Answer 36

Distinction between social monogamy and genetic monogamy