Kinship Flashcards
Natural selection promotes genes that appear to ______.
selfish
What did Thomas Huxley argue?
the animal world is on the level of a gladiator contest. Natural selection gives no quarter to the weak
What did Petr Kropotkin argue?
altruism is the norm in the animal kingdom
________ _______ proposed that altruism is the core of both nonhuman and human social behavior.
Wardner Allele
What studies did Wardner Allele conduct?
on over-crowding effects on individual and under-crowding effects on groups
Who said, “He would jump in a river to save the life of two brothers, but not one.”?
J.B.S. Haldane
What does kinship predict the amount of?
Altruism
Who published mathematical papers on artificial and natural selection?
J.B.S. Haldane
What would natural selection favor in genetically related individuals?
altruism
Who rejected the notion that altruism protected a species form extinction?
W.D. Hamilton
What did W.D. Hamilton argue?
altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model
Who robbed W.D. Hamilton major publication in 1964 and what was it about?
Maynard Smith
theory of inclusive fitness
If alleles are associated with the production of offspring, then the frequency of the allele will ________.
increase
What did George Price pioneer before his death?
the concept of using games theory in behavioral ecology
________ _______ argued that to understand how natural selection operates you need to have a “gene’s eye view”
Richard Dawkins
Who published Selfish Gene in 1976 and said that natural selection favors any gene that can be copied into the next generation?
Richard Dawkins
__.__ ______ published Sociobiology that proposed that evolution is the basis of social behavior in animals (including humans).
E.O. Wilson
What does kinship refer to?
individuals who are related to you (by birth or marriage)
In animal behavior, what does kinship refer to?
the degree to which one individual shares alleles in common with another
What is kinship termed in the study of animal behavior?
identity by descent
How do you measure the degree of kinship?
via the coefficient of relatedness (r)
What did W.D. Hamilton term in 1963-1964?
inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness
suggests that your fitness can be improved in one of two ways
What are the 2 options you can choose from to improve your fitness?
1) have your own offspring
2) help your relatives raise their offspring
What is the equation for inclusive fitness?
(direct fitness) + (indirect fitness)q
Indirect fitness is weighted by __. Thus, the more closely related you are to the individual you help, the ______ the ______ _______ benefits.
r
higher
indirect fitness
What is the kin selection an expanded version of?
natural selection
In 1975, ______ suggested that benefits and costs could be measured as # of offspring produced by those helped (and not produced by the helper)
Brown
What does Brown’s benefits and costs measure?
the number of offspring born and survived as the currency of inclusive fitness
Parent-offspring conflict
Evolutionary conflicts arise between parent and offspring due to divergent interests
Who developed the parent-offspring conflict in 1974?
Trivers
_______ _______ favors the evolution of responses that support and care for genetically related young
Natural selection
Natural selection favors the evolution of offspring that can maximize the amount of _______ _____.
parental care
Natural selection favors the evolution of parents that provide enough care for offspring to reach ____________, but reduce cost to ________ lifetime __________ success.
independence
maximize
reproductive
When does conflict with families occur?
cost of parental care increases and interferes with future reproduction
Level of investment should be _______ and period of investment should be ______ as parental age increases because of declining residual reproductive value of the parent
greater
longer
________ should be selected to be manipulators of parents and parent to detect and resist manipulation by _______.
offspring x2
Rule-of-thumb model (ROT)
simple decision rules that are efficient and may be more realistic of animals actually recognize kin
What is recognition based on?
spatial information
___ ______ is relevant to predictions of _______, ______-_______ conflict and sibling rivalry
Kin recognition
altruism
parent-offspring
What is an example of kin recognition?
deciding when and when not to be altruistic is based on fundamental recognition of kin
