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Animal Behavior > Kinship > Flashcards

Kinship Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection promotes genes that appear to ______.

A

selfish

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2
Q

What did Thomas Huxley argue?

A

the animal world is on the level of a gladiator contest. Natural selection gives no quarter to the weak

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3
Q

What did Petr Kropotkin argue?

A

altruism is the norm in the animal kingdom

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4
Q

________ _______ proposed that altruism is the core of both nonhuman and human social behavior.

A

Wardner Allele

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5
Q

What studies did Wardner Allele conduct?

A

on over-crowding effects on individual and under-crowding effects on groups

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6
Q

Who said, “He would jump in a river to save the life of two brothers, but not one.”?

A

J.B.S. Haldane

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7
Q

What does kinship predict the amount of?

A

Altruism

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8
Q

Who published mathematical papers on artificial and natural selection?

A

J.B.S. Haldane

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9
Q

What would natural selection favor in genetically related individuals?

A

altruism

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10
Q

Who rejected the notion that altruism protected a species form extinction?

A

W.D. Hamilton

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11
Q

What did W.D. Hamilton argue?

A

altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model

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12
Q

Who robbed W.D. Hamilton major publication in 1964 and what was it about?

A

Maynard Smith

theory of inclusive fitness

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13
Q

If alleles are associated with the production of offspring, then the frequency of the allele will ________.

A

increase

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14
Q

What did George Price pioneer before his death?

A

the concept of using games theory in behavioral ecology

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15
Q

________ _______ argued that to understand how natural selection operates you need to have a “gene’s eye view”

A

Richard Dawkins

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16
Q

Who published Selfish Gene in 1976 and said that natural selection favors any gene that can be copied into the next generation?

A

Richard Dawkins

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17
Q

__.__ ______ published Sociobiology that proposed that evolution is the basis of social behavior in animals (including humans).

A

E.O. Wilson

18
Q

What does kinship refer to?

A

individuals who are related to you (by birth or marriage)

19
Q

In animal behavior, what does kinship refer to?

A

the degree to which one individual shares alleles in common with another

20
Q

What is kinship termed in the study of animal behavior?

A

identity by descent

21
Q

How do you measure the degree of kinship?

A

via the coefficient of relatedness (r)

22
Q

What did W.D. Hamilton term in 1963-1964?

A

inclusive fitness

23
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

suggests that your fitness can be improved in one of two ways

24
Q

What are the 2 options you can choose from to improve your fitness?

A

1) have your own offspring

2) help your relatives raise their offspring

25
Q

What is the equation for inclusive fitness?

A

(direct fitness) + (indirect fitness)q

26
Q

Indirect fitness is weighted by __. Thus, the more closely related you are to the individual you help, the ______ the ______ _______ benefits.

A

r

higher

indirect fitness

27
Q

What is the kin selection an expanded version of?

A

natural selection

28
Q

In 1975, ______ suggested that benefits and costs could be measured as # of offspring produced by those helped (and not produced by the helper)

A

Brown

29
Q

What does Brown’s benefits and costs measure?

A

the number of offspring born and survived as the currency of inclusive fitness

30
Q

Parent-offspring conflict

A

Evolutionary conflicts arise between parent and offspring due to divergent interests

31
Q

Who developed the parent-offspring conflict in 1974?

A

Trivers

32
Q

_______ _______ favors the evolution of responses that support and care for genetically related young

A

Natural selection

33
Q

Natural selection favors the evolution of offspring that can maximize the amount of _______ _____.

A

parental care

34
Q

Natural selection favors the evolution of parents that provide enough care for offspring to reach ____________, but reduce cost to ________ lifetime __________ success.

A

independence

maximize

reproductive

35
Q

When does conflict with families occur?

A

cost of parental care increases and interferes with future reproduction

36
Q

Level of investment should be _______ and period of investment should be ______ as parental age increases because of declining residual reproductive value of the parent

A

greater

longer

37
Q

________ should be selected to be manipulators of parents and parent to detect and resist manipulation by _______.

A

offspring x2

38
Q

Rule-of-thumb model (ROT)

A

simple decision rules that are efficient and may be more realistic of animals actually recognize kin

39
Q

What is recognition based on?

A

spatial information

40
Q

___ ______ is relevant to predictions of _______, ______-_______ conflict and sibling rivalry

A

Kin recognition

altruism
parent-offspring

41
Q

What is an example of kin recognition?

A

deciding when and when not to be altruistic is based on fundamental recognition of kin

Animal Behavior (4 decks)

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