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Animal Behavior > Animal Learning > Flashcards

Animal Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

an enduring change in mechanisms of behavior that result from experience and environmental events

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2
Q

Performance

A

change in behavior based on opportunity and motivation

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3
Q

Functional definition of Learning

A

a process that allows animals to adjust to their environment through individual experience

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4
Q

Phenotype plasticity

A

the ability of an organism to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment

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5
Q

Non-associative learning

A

reactions to stimulus events in the environment

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6
Q

Taxis

A

reflexive locomotion and orientation to a stimulus

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7
Q

Phototaxis

A

orient to light

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8
Q

Geotaxis

A

orient to spatial/physical position

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9
Q

Fixed Action Patterns

A

species specific stereotypical response

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of non-associative learning?

A

Habituation & Sensitization

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11
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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12
Q

Sensitization

A

increase in responsiveness after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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13
Q

_________ predominates with strong stimulus and _________ predominates with weak stimulus.

A

Sensitization

Habituation

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14
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

associative learning of stimuli and stimulus responses

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of classical conditioning?

A
  1. Appetitive learning

2. Aversive learning

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16
Q

Appetitive Learning

A

unconditioned stimulus is pleasant

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17
Q

Aversive Learning

A

unconditioned stimulus is unpleasant

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18
Q

Excitatory conditioning

A

the presence of one stimuli is followed by another

19
Q

Inhibitory conditioning

A

the presence of one stimuli is not followed by another

20
Q

What law was the first attempt to explain reinforcement?

A

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

21
Q

Reinforcer

A

a stimulus that produces a “satisfying state of affairs”

22
Q

The Law of Effect establishes an association between the ______ and the ________ in the presence of which the _________ is performed.

A
  1. response
  2. stimulus
  3. response
23
Q

Clark Hull Drive Reduction Theory

A

proposed that what makes something an effect reinforcer is its ability to return the organism to the homeostasis point

24
Q

Motivation

A

drive reduction brought about by a physiological need

25
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

stimuli that are capable of reducing biological drives

26
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

stimuli associated with drive reduction thru classical conditioning

27
Q

________ ________ proposed that the opportunity to perform a higher probability response will serve as a reinforcer for the lower probability response.

A

David Premack

28
Q

Instinctive drift

A

instinctual behaviors compete with learning behaviors

29
Q

What are the 2 ways that respondent conditioning influence operant behavior?

A
  1. Motivational effects

2. Response-cueing effects

30
Q

Motivational effects

A

changing motivational support for behavior

31
Q

Response-cueing effects

A

cues that are associated with an operant response

32
Q

Divergence in learning mechanisms

A

demonstrated when species differences in learning phenomena cannot be attributed to non-learning contextual variables

33
Q

Homology of learning mechanisms

A

demonstrated when equivalent phenomena are shown to depend on the same processes at all levels of analysis

34
Q

Homoplasy of learning mechanisms

A

demonstrated when learning phenomena evolve independently under similar selective pressure

35
Q

What are the 2 views of divergence in learning?

A
  1. Ecological

2. General process

36
Q

Ecological view

A

learning mechanisms solve specific ecological problems

37
Q

General process view

A

most ecological niches involves causality, space, and time

38
Q

What are the 2 components of the model of evolution of learning?

A
  1. Assumptions in models

2. Environmental stability

39
Q

What do low and high variability environments favor?

A

fixed genetic rule with low cost rate

40
Q

What do medium variability environments favor?

A

learning over transmission of fixed genetic rule

41
Q

__________ is supported by high within-life time and low between-generation predictability.

A

Learning

42
Q

Intrinsic aggession

A

inherent fighting ability

43
Q

Extrinsic aggression

A

winning and losing effects

Animal Behavior (4 decks)

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