Maternal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

During pregnancy, cardiac output increases by ___ [%].

A

30-50%

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2
Q

During pregnancy, maximum cardiac output is reached ___ [age of gestation]

A

Between 20 and 24 weeks’ gestation and maintained until delivery

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3
Q

The increase in cardiac output is first due to an increase in ___ and is then maintained by an increase in ___ as the ___ decreases to near prepregnancy levels by the end of the third trimester

A

Stroke volume
Heart rate
Stroke volume

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4
Q

Systemic vascular resistance decreases during pregnancy, resulting in a fall in arterial blood pressure. This decrease is most likely due to elevated ___ [hormone], leading to smooth muscle relaxation.

A

Progesterone

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5
Q

There is a decrease in systolic blood pressure of ___ [mmHg] and in diastolic blood pressure of ___ [mmHg] that nadirs at week ___ [age of gestation]

A

5-10 mm Hg
10-15 mm Hg
24

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6
Q

There is an increase of 30-40% in tidal volume during pregnancy despite the fact that the total lung capacity is [1: decreased / increased] by 5% due to the elevation of the diaphragm. This increase in tidal volume [2: decreases / increases] the expiratory reserve volume by about 20%.

A

Decreased total lung capacity

Decreased expiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

PaCO2 decreases to approximately 30 mm Hg by ___ weeks’ gestation from 40 mm Hg during prepregnancy.

A

20 weeks’

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8
Q

Nausea and vomiting occur in more than ___ % of pregnancies

A

70%

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9
Q

Nausea and vomiting have been attributed to the elevation in ___, ___, and ___. They may also be due to ___ and can be treated with frequent snacking.

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
hCG
Hypoglycemia

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10
Q

The nausea and vomiting typically resolve by ___ weeks’ gestation

A

14-16 weeks’

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11
Q

A severe form of morning sickness associated with weight loss (>/= 5% of prepregnancy weight) and ketosis

A

Hyperemesis gravidarum

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12
Q

During pregnancy, the stomach has [1: reduced / prolonged] gastric emptying times and the gastroesophageal sphincter has [2: decreased / increased] tone. The large bowel also has [3: decreased / increased] motility.

A
Prolonged gastric emptying times
Decreased esophageal tone
Decreased motility (leading to increased water absorption and constipation)
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13
Q

The glomerular filtration rate increases by ___ % early in pregnancy and is maintained until delivery. As a result of increased GFR, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine decrease by about ___ %.

A

50%, 25%

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14
Q

Although the plasma volume increases by (1) % in pregnancy, the RBC volume increases by only (2) %, which leads to a decrease in the (3), or dilutional anemia.

A

50%
20-30%
Hematocrit

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15
Q

The WBC count increases during pregnancy to a mean of 10.5 million/mL with a range of ___ million.

A

6-16 million

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16
Q

During labor, stress may cause the WBC count to rise to over ___ million/mL.

A

20 million/mL

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17
Q

Changes in clotting and bleeding times in pregnancy

A

No change

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18
Q

A drop in the platelet count below ___ million/mL over a short time is not normal and should be investigated promptly

A

100 million/mL

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19
Q

In pregnancy, there are elevations in the levels of fibrinogen and factors:

A

VII to X

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20
Q

Pregnancy is a hyperestrogenic state. The increased estrogen is produced primarily by the ___.

A

Placenta (with the ovaries contributing to a lesser degree)

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21
Q

The ___ [1] subunit of hCG is identical to the ___ [1] subunits of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), whereas the ___ [2] subunits differ.

A

Alpha subunit

Beta subunit

22
Q

Levels of hCG double approximately every ___ hours during early pregnancy, reaching a peak at approximately ___ weeks. A nadir is reached by approximate ___ weeks.

A

48 hours
10-12 weeks
16 weeks

23
Q

The placenta produces ___ [1], which acts to maintain the corpus luteum in early pregnancy. The corpus luteum produces ___ [2], which maintains the endometrium. Eventually, the placenta takes over ___ [2] production and the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans. ___ [2] levels increase over the course of pregnancy.

A

hCG

Progesterone

24
Q

Also known as human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
Induces lipolysis with a concomitant increase in circulating free fatty acids
Also acts as an insulin antagonist, along with various other placental hormones, thereby having a diabetogenic effect

A

Human placental lactogen

25
Q

Changes in thyroid hormone changes early in pregnancy (T3, T4, TSH)

A

Slight increase in T3 and T4 and a slight decrease in TSH early in pregnancy
(Overall, however, pregnancy is considered a euthyroid state)

26
Q

Numerous changes occur in the skin, including spider angiomata and palmar erythema secondary to increased ___ levels and hyperpigmentation of the nipples, umbilicus, abdominal midline (the linea nigra), perineum, and face (melasma or chloasma) secondary to increased levels of the ___.

A

Estrogen

Melanocyte-stimulating hormones and the steroid hormones

27
Q

Pregnancy is also associated with ___, which results from compression of the median nerve.

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

28
Q

The caloric requirement is increased by ___ kcal/day during pregnancy and by ___ kcal/day when breastfeeding.

A

300 kcal/day

500 kcal/day

29
Q

Most patients should gain ___ during pregnancy. Overweight women are advised to gain less, ___; underweight women are advised to gain more, ___.

A

20-30 lbs
15-25 lbs
28-40 lbs

30
Q

Intraocular pressure [decreases / increases] during pregnancy

A

Decreases (due to increased vitreous outflow)

31
Q

Maternal adrenal glands secrete more aldosterone as early as:

A

15 weeks

32
Q

Maternal plasma prolactin increase markedly during normal pregnancy, and concentrations are usually ___ [fold] greater at term–about ___ ng/mL, compared with those of nonpregnant women

A

Ten-fold

150 ng/mL

33
Q

The pituitary gland increases by ___ [%] in pregnancy

A

135%

34
Q

Effect of retained bile salts on the skin of pregnant women

A

Pruritus gravidarum

35
Q

In pregnancy, gallbladder action is impaired because progesterone inhibits:

A

CCK-mediated smooth muscle contraction

36
Q

Effect of pregnancy on liver size and hepatic blood flow

A

No effect on liver size

Increased hepatic blood flow

37
Q

Focal, highly vascular swelling of the gums that regresses spontaneously after delivery

A

Epulis of pregnancy

38
Q

In pregnancy, which ureter is more dilated?

A

Right ureter

39
Q

During pregnancy, albumin excretion ranges from [mg/day]:

A

5-30 mg/day

40
Q

Serum creatinine levels are decreased during pregnancy. Values above ___ suggest underlying renal disease and prompt investigation

A

0.9 mg/dL

41
Q

To compensate for the respiratory alkalosis in pregnancy, serum bicarbonate levels decrease by:

A

4-5 mmol/L

42
Q

Because of the dilatation of ureters during pregnancy, it is recommended that elective pyelography be deferred until how many weeks’ postpartum?

A

12 weeks

43
Q

Estimated maternal blood loss in a cesarean section or vaginal delivery of twins

A

1,000 mL

44
Q

Estimated maternal blood loss in a spontaneous vaginal delivery of a singleton

A

500-600 mL

45
Q

This hormone is secreted primarily by the stomach in response to hunger. It cooperates with leptin in energy homeostasis modulation. It is also expressed in placenta and likely has a role in fetal growth and cell proliferation.

A

Ghrelin

46
Q

On blood glucose levels: Pregnancy is characterized by mild fasting ___, postprandial hyperglycemia, and ___

A

Mild fasting hypoglycemia

Postprandial hyperglycemia

47
Q

This hormone opposes the effects of PTH and vitamin D and protects the maternal skeleton during times of calcium stress

A

Calcitonin

48
Q

By approximately ___ weeks, the placenta is the principal source of growth hormone secretion

A

17 weeks

49
Q

Early in the first trimester, levels of thyroxine-binding globulin [decrease / increase].

A

Increase (reach their zenith at about 20 weeks, and stabilize at approximately double baseline values for the remainder of pregnancy)

50
Q

There is marked [decrease / increase] in aldosterone secretion in pregnancy

A

Increase

51
Q

The main hormone responsible for hyperglycemia in pregnancy

A

Human placental lactogen

52
Q

In pregnancy, the respiratory rate is essentially unchanged, but tidal volume and resting minute ventilation ___ [decrease / increase] significantly as pregnancy advances

A

Increased tidal volumes: 660 mL to 800 mL

Increased resting minute ventilation: 10.7 L to 14.1 L