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Physiology > Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy > Flashcards

Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what does pregnancy cause

A

causes major physiological changes to the mother’s body

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2
Q

why are the major physiological changes to the mother body important

A

The changes are not only important for coping with the increased metabolic demands of the pregnancy, but also to meet the developmental needs of the fetus and to allow mother and fetus to survive the demands of childbirth

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3
Q

what is the principle hormone of pregnancy

A

progesterone

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4
Q

what are the Hormones with the strongest influence in pregnancy

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

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5
Q

what is Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)

A

hormone- VIP in pregnancy
Secreted by placenta and blastocyst’
Detectable in urine 8-10 days after conception
Stimulates growth of corpus luteum
secretes increasing amounts of oestrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

what hormones are primarily secreted by the placenta

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

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7
Q

Function of Oestrogen

A

Increases by 30x normal throughout pregnancy
CL is first source until placenta takes over at 7-17 weeks
Causes tissue growth in fetus and mother (uterus and mammary gland)
Relaxes smooth muscle

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8
Q

function of Progesterone

A

Supresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development throughout pregnancy
Supresses uterine contractions
Prevents menstruation and maintains endometrium
Stimulates development of acini cells in breast

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9
Q

where is progesterone secreted from

A

corpus lutem and placenta

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10
Q

when and where is Human chorionic somatomammotropin

secreted from

A

Secreted from placenta from about 5 weeks

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11
Q

function of Human chorionic somatomammotropin

A

Increases throughout pregnancy
Seems to reduce mother’s insulin sensitivity and
glucose usage leaving more for the fetus.

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12
Q

what are some of the more common symptoms and signs of pregnancy

A

Nausea, fatigue, sore tender and enlarged breasts, pica (the craving of substances with little or no nutritional value), Increased micturition

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13
Q

how dose pregnancy affect the alimentary cannel parts

A

it can causes things like gum hypertropy(dry gums), sickness, heartburn, constipation due to progesterone levels

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14
Q

what hormone is consistently increasing during pregnancy

A

progesterone

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15
Q

what week dose the heart start to beat in a fetus

A

Week 5

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16
Q

what week dose the sucking reflex begin

A

week 12

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17
Q

how is metabolism affected by pregnancy

A

metabolic rate increases in pregnancy, due to fetus demands, 12kg is the average weight gain in pregancay- due to increase plasma, and fluid

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18
Q

sings and symptoms of pregnancy associated with the alimentary cannel

A 
gum hypertrophy 
Increase saliva 
nausea and vomiting 
constipation
heartburn
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19
Q

what effect dose pregnancy have on the gastrointestinal tract

A

causes organs like the stomach and intestine to move to allow the utrus to expand

20
Q

impact of pregnancy on the cardiovascular system

A

increase cardiac output- 40% in 1st trimester
increase stroke volume
decreased peripheral resitance
heart beat increase of 15-20 per min
also heart is pushed upwards and rotates forward

21
Q

impact of pregnancy on the blood

A

plasma increases 30-50%- this is around 70% in twins
Blood volume increases 10-15%- adaptive mechanism to make sure blood supply reaches every where
increase rbc-18-25%- not as much as the plasma so can lead to anemia

22
Q

what is thrombo-embolic disease

A

very commom, most important causes of maternal mortality in 1st world contires

23
Q

impact of pregnancy on sketatal system

A

reduced density in connective T, cartiage, ligament

increases synovial fluid

24
Q

what hormone causes a reduction in the density of Connective T

A

oestrogen and relaxin, which are released from the 1st trimester

25
Q

function and location of relaxin

A

relaxes smooth muscle

produced in the plcenta

26
Q

where is Lactogen secreted from and its function

A

Produced by the placenta

similar to a growth hormone and causes maternal insulin resistance

27
Q

when and why dose the corpus lutem stop secreting hormones

A

From w7-17 and is repleaced by plecenta

This occurs due to Cl degenerating

28
Q

what happens to the respitory system in pregnancy

A

changes due to hormone and mechanical factors

increase gas exchange due to increase blood volume and utrus space

29
Q

what is dysponea

A

common complaint in P

30
Q

Do P women breath differently compared to non-p

A

Yes. more deeply

31
Q

By how much dose Plasma increase in P

A

usally 30-50% increase, in twins may be as high as 70%- this increase is higher in muligraves

32
Q

Dose Blood volume increase in P

A

Yes by 10-15% and starts as early at w7 and peaks around 30-34 w, this increase is an adaptive mech- due to blood loss in birth

33
Q

Is increase blood volume and adaptive mech

A

yes. as blood is loss during birth

34
Q

Do rbc increase in p

A

18-25% due to erthrprotein produced by kidneys( this makes rbc), however this is disproportionate to plasma rise

35
Q

why dose dilutinal anemia occur in p

A

Due to more plasma then rbc 30-50% compared to 18-25%- haemoglobin falls as P advance, noticeable 30-34 w

36
Q

is there increased iron in P

A

yes increase from 5kg to6kg as total requirements 1000mg

37
Q

what is the most common causes of maternal death in 1st world C

A

thrombo-embolic disease- blood clotting diseases

38
Q

how do P women avoid falling forward

A

due to fetes growth there is a compsatory increase in lumbar lordosis (curve in spine)

39
Q

what happens to the muscles in P

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia- caused by O, progesterone and HCG
Stretching of uterine fibres- this thins uterine walls

40
Q

what causes hypertrophy and plasia in P

A

the hormones oestrogen, progesterone and HCG

41
Q

what causes the uterine walls to thin

A

stretching of the uterine fibres-

42
Q

what happens to the cervix in P

A

few changes until late on
becomes softer and stretch,
mucoid operculum forms in canal- due to Oes
increase c+elastic Fibers

43
Q

what causes increase mobility in the pubis and sacro-iliac joints

A

increased Oestrogen and relaxin from 1st trimester

this allows the baby to pass through the birth canal which is painful

44
Q

what happens to the breast in P

A

increase vascularity of veins
Growth of ductal system in first 20w
nipples become larger, increase pigment
colastrum present from w12

45
Q

when dose the growth of the ductal system take place

A

in first 20w

46
Q

when is coastrum present from

A

W12

47
Q

what happens to the skin in P

A

can causes Chloasma- hypwemolanisis-(think lots of freckles on skin that can be joined together) affects 50-70%

Linea nigra- dark vericle lines runs down stomach-

stretch marks- 55-90% of pw, more common in Prigraves

Physiology (10 decks)

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