Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy Flashcards
what does pregnancy cause
causes major physiological changes to the mother’s body
why are the major physiological changes to the mother body important
The changes are not only important for coping with the increased metabolic demands of the pregnancy, but also to meet the developmental needs of the fetus and to allow mother and fetus to survive the demands of childbirth
what is the principle hormone of pregnancy
progesterone
what are the Hormones with the strongest influence in pregnancy
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
what is Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)
hormone- VIP in pregnancy
Secreted by placenta and blastocyst’
Detectable in urine 8-10 days after conception
Stimulates growth of corpus luteum
secretes increasing amounts of oestrogen and progesterone
what hormones are primarily secreted by the placenta
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
Function of Oestrogen
Increases by 30x normal throughout pregnancy
CL is first source until placenta takes over at 7-17 weeks
Causes tissue growth in fetus and mother (uterus and mammary gland)
Relaxes smooth muscle
function of Progesterone
Supresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development throughout pregnancy
Supresses uterine contractions
Prevents menstruation and maintains endometrium
Stimulates development of acini cells in breast
where is progesterone secreted from
corpus lutem and placenta
when and where is Human chorionic somatomammotropin
secreted from
Secreted from placenta from about 5 weeks
function of Human chorionic somatomammotropin
Increases throughout pregnancy
Seems to reduce mother’s insulin sensitivity and
glucose usage leaving more for the fetus.
what are some of the more common symptoms and signs of pregnancy
Nausea, fatigue, sore tender and enlarged breasts, pica (the craving of substances with little or no nutritional value), Increased micturition
how dose pregnancy affect the alimentary cannel parts
it can causes things like gum hypertropy(dry gums), sickness, heartburn, constipation due to progesterone levels
what hormone is consistently increasing during pregnancy
progesterone
what week dose the heart start to beat in a fetus
Week 5
what week dose the sucking reflex begin
week 12
how is metabolism affected by pregnancy
metabolic rate increases in pregnancy, due to fetus demands, 12kg is the average weight gain in pregancay- due to increase plasma, and fluid
sings and symptoms of pregnancy associated with the alimentary cannel
gum hypertrophy Increase saliva nausea and vomiting constipation heartburn
what effect dose pregnancy have on the gastrointestinal tract
causes organs like the stomach and intestine to move to allow the utrus to expand
impact of pregnancy on the cardiovascular system
increase cardiac output- 40% in 1st trimester
increase stroke volume
decreased peripheral resitance
heart beat increase of 15-20 per min
also heart is pushed upwards and rotates forward
impact of pregnancy on the blood
plasma increases 30-50%- this is around 70% in twins
Blood volume increases 10-15%- adaptive mechanism to make sure blood supply reaches every where
increase rbc-18-25%- not as much as the plasma so can lead to anemia
what is thrombo-embolic disease
very commom, most important causes of maternal mortality in 1st world contires
impact of pregnancy on sketatal system
reduced density in connective T, cartiage, ligament
increases synovial fluid
what hormone causes a reduction in the density of Connective T
oestrogen and relaxin, which are released from the 1st trimester
function and location of relaxin
relaxes smooth muscle
produced in the plcenta
where is Lactogen secreted from and its function
Produced by the placenta
similar to a growth hormone and causes maternal insulin resistance
when and why dose the corpus lutem stop secreting hormones
From w7-17 and is repleaced by plecenta
This occurs due to Cl degenerating
what happens to the respitory system in pregnancy
changes due to hormone and mechanical factors
increase gas exchange due to increase blood volume and utrus space
what is dysponea
common complaint in P
Do P women breath differently compared to non-p
Yes. more deeply
By how much dose Plasma increase in P
usally 30-50% increase, in twins may be as high as 70%- this increase is higher in muligraves
Dose Blood volume increase in P
Yes by 10-15% and starts as early at w7 and peaks around 30-34 w, this increase is an adaptive mech- due to blood loss in birth
Is increase blood volume and adaptive mech
yes. as blood is loss during birth
Do rbc increase in p
18-25% due to erthrprotein produced by kidneys( this makes rbc), however this is disproportionate to plasma rise
why dose dilutinal anemia occur in p
Due to more plasma then rbc 30-50% compared to 18-25%- haemoglobin falls as P advance, noticeable 30-34 w
is there increased iron in P
yes increase from 5kg to6kg as total requirements 1000mg
what is the most common causes of maternal death in 1st world C
thrombo-embolic disease- blood clotting diseases
how do P women avoid falling forward
due to fetes growth there is a compsatory increase in lumbar lordosis (curve in spine)
what happens to the muscles in P
hypertrophy and hyperplasia- caused by O, progesterone and HCG
Stretching of uterine fibres- this thins uterine walls
what causes hypertrophy and plasia in P
the hormones oestrogen, progesterone and HCG
what causes the uterine walls to thin
stretching of the uterine fibres-
what happens to the cervix in P
few changes until late on
becomes softer and stretch,
mucoid operculum forms in canal- due to Oes
increase c+elastic Fibers
what causes increase mobility in the pubis and sacro-iliac joints
increased Oestrogen and relaxin from 1st trimester
this allows the baby to pass through the birth canal which is painful
what happens to the breast in P
increase vascularity of veins
Growth of ductal system in first 20w
nipples become larger, increase pigment
colastrum present from w12
when dose the growth of the ductal system take place
in first 20w
when is coastrum present from
W12
what happens to the skin in P
can causes Chloasma- hypwemolanisis-(think lots of freckles on skin that can be joined together) affects 50-70%
Linea nigra- dark vericle lines runs down stomach-
stretch marks- 55-90% of pw, more common in Prigraves
