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Physiology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is embryology

A

the study of origin and development of an organism

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2
Q

how long is a human pregnancy

A

38w-40w

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3
Q

when dose fertilisation occur

A

2 w after LMP

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4
Q

what is the embryotic period

A

first 8 w- all major organs formed in F

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5
Q

in the fetus when are all the major organs formed

A

embryotic period- first 8 weeks

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6
Q

what Is the fetal period

A

remaining 30w- organs grow larger and more complex

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7
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilised egg- first in cycle

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8
Q

what is a 4-cell stage egg

A

4 cell egg- takes around 2 days to muture from a zygote- 2 stage

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9
Q

what is a morula

A

an egg cell that has divided mulitpule times- 3 days to mature from 4 cell stage- 3 stage

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10
Q

what is an early blastocycte

A

egg cell that has exited the F tube- 4 days to mature from a morula- 4 stage

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11
Q

what is an implementing blastocycte

A

egg implanted into utrus lining- 5 stage- 6 days to mature from early B

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12
Q

when dose cell dividion occur in the egg cell

A

as it travels down the F tube and enters the U

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13
Q

where is the site of fertilisation

A

F tube

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14
Q

what is a sex cell

A

gamete- ova or sperm only have 23 Chromsomes

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15
Q

what is a haploid number of chromsomes

A

half the number in a normal cell-

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16
Q

number of chromsomes in an ova

A

23- 12 pairs one sex cell, always X from mum can be either X or Y from dad

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17
Q

what sex cell do oocytes have

A

X only as they are produced by the ovary’s in the mother

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18
Q

what process is used to get a haploid number of chromsomes

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

what happens in the first w of conception

A

Zygote divides multiple times
morula- which is a cluster of 12-16 Blastomers forms at 72 hours
Day 4-late 60 cell morula enters the utrus- takes fluid and becomes a blasocyte

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20
Q

what are blastomers

A

daughter cells

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21
Q

when dose the embryo become deeply embedded in endometrium

A

Week 2

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22
Q

what occurs In W2

A

embryo deeply imbedded in endometrium,
Further development of trophoblast into placenta
Inner cell mass divides into epiblast and hypoblast
2 fluid filled sacs
Amniotic sac from epiblast
Yolk sac from hypoblast
Bilaminar embryonic disc: area of contact

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23
Q

what week dose the placenta develop

A

W2

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24
Q

what occurs in W3

A 
Two layer germ disc
Primitive streak forms
Gastrulation forms tri-laminar embryo
Neural induction
Left-right asymmetry
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25
Q

how big is the fetus in W3

A

0.4mm - 2.0mm

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26
Q

what is gastralation

A

begins in 3 W- form the tri layer embryo- covers the 2 layers epiblasts in 3 germ layers
Ectoderm- outer layer
Mesoderm: middle layer
Endoderm: eventually most interior of embryo

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27
Q

how many layers is the embryo coverd with

A

3 germ layers via gastralation

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28
Q

what is the function of the Endoderm

A

inner most germ layer Via ge-lation-

generates the epithelial lining and associated glands of the gut, lung, and urogenital tracts

29
Q

function of ectoderm

A

outside layer surrounding embryo- via Ga-lation, surrounds other layers later in development, generates skin and nervous tissue

30
Q

function of Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer covering embryo via Gal-lation

, generates most of the muscle, blood and connective tissues of the body and placenta

31
Q

when is the mesoderm formed

A

At gastrulation, primitive endoderm is replaced by definitive or embryonic endoderm
Then mesoderm is formed

32
Q

what is Axial mesoderm

A

movement-mesoderm that passes through the node and migrates along the midline –forms the notochord

33
Q

what is Paraxial mesoderm

A

mesoderm that passes just caudal to the node and migrates slightly laterally –forms cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis

34
Q

what is Lateral plate mesoderm

A

mesoderm that passes more caudal and migrates more laterally –forms circulatory system and body cavity linings

35
Q

what is Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

mesoderm that : passes most caudal and migrates most laterally –forms extraembryonic membranes and associated connective tissue & blood vessels.

36
Q

which mesoderm forms the notochord

A

Axial

37
Q

which mesoderm forms cartilage, skeletal muscle, dermis

A

paraxial

38
Q

which mesoderm form circulatory system, body cavity linnings

A

lateral plate

39
Q

which mesoderm forms extraembryonic membranes, connective tissue, blood vessels

A

Extraembryonic

40
Q

function of the notochord and pre-chordal plate

A

important signaling centers that pattern the overlying ectoderm and underlying endoderm

41
Q

how are the notochord and pre-chordal plate formed

A

develops from mesoderm arising from cells that passed directly through the node and migrated cranially along the midline- this is axial mesoderm

42
Q

around what day is the notochord developed and what dose it form

A

day-16-18

Future site of the vertebral column

43
Q

what is Neuralation

A

beginning Formation of spinal cord and brain

44
Q

what causes Neuralation

A

Notochord signals overlying ectoderm

45
Q

when dose the Closure of neural tube start

A

begins at end of week 3; complete by end of week 4 (folic acid important for this step)

46
Q

when is Left-right asymmetry established

A

at gasturlaltion

47
Q

what is Left-right asymmetry

A

Leftward beating of cilia at node moves some important protein molecules to the left side of embryo.

Causes left side genes to be expressed which then pattern developing organs.

48
Q

what happens if cilia are defective in Left-right asymmetry

A

If cilia are defective, the important protein molecules can randomly end up on right side, resulting in reversal of symmetry, aka situs inversus

49
Q

what happens if situs inversus occurs

A

organs can end up on the wrong side, this can be revered but only for a few organs

50
Q

what dose diffraction of mesoderm in w 3 cause

A

Lateral to notochord, week 3

Extends cranially and caudally

51
Q

how many regions do mesoderm divide into

A

3

Somites, Intermediate mesoderm, latral plate

52
Q

function of Somites

A

division of mesoderm, 40 pairs of body segments (repeating units, like building blocks) by end week 4

53
Q

function of Intermediate mesoderm

A

division of mesoderm, just lateral to somites- separates these two it is in the middle

54
Q

function of lateral plate

A

splits to form coelom- will in turn form the serous cavities of the ventral body cavity:
Peritoneal
Pericardial
Pleural

55
Q

what apposes these division of the mesoderm

A

Somatic mesoderm: apposed to the ectoderm

Splanchnic mesoderm: apposed to the endoderm

56
Q

when dose folding begin and what happens

A

W4 day 23

Lateral folds will join ventrally

57
Q

main difference between the 3 week embryo and the adult body- full developed fetus

A

embryo is still a flat disc

58
Q

when is Placental formation

A

W4

59
Q

what form the roof of the placenta

A

Chorionic plate-

60
Q

what is the Chorionic plate made of

A

Syncitotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic mesoderm with branches of umbilical vessels

61
Q

what forms the floor From outside inwards of the plecenta

A

Basal Plate-

62
Q

what is the Basal Plate made up of

A

Compact and spongy layer of decidua basalis
Cytotrophoblastic shell
Syncytiotrophoblast

63
Q

how is the heart formed

A

Starts as two simple tubes
These fuse into different segments that will become different parts of the heart
The fused tubes then fold with the top part folding down in the front and the bottom part folding up behind this

64
Q

when is the heart finished deloping by

A

W8

65
Q

name some of the organs that are formed in Weeks 4 to 8

A 
Formation of the main organ systems
These include:
Head and neck
Brain
Face
Renal system
Gastrointestinal system
Limbs
66
Q

what stages is the embryo suceptable from issues eg disease, bacteria, virus, toxins, chromsomes abnormlities

A

The embryo is susceptible at all stages of pregnancy

67
Q

what are developed in Week 8 to 12

A

Some further development of ears, eyes and part of the palate
Main physical characteristics developing at this stage are genitalia

68
Q

When are all the major body organs formed by

A

W4 to W8

Physiology (10 decks)

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