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REPRO > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Define mastitis

A

Inflammation of the mammary gland for any reason

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2
Q

List causes of mastitis

A
  • Bacterial
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Physical e.g. trauma
  • Toxins
  • Neoplasi
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3
Q

Compare acute vs chronic disease

A
  • Acute: sudden onset, often severe signs of disease

- Chronic: disease persists for a prolonged period of time, usually subclinical or mild signs of disease

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4
Q

What are the 2 classifications of mastitis?

A
  • Contagious

- Environmental

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5
Q

Define contagious mastitis

A

Spread from cow to cow

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6
Q

Define environmental mastitis

A

Pathogen lives in environment and causes infection from environment to cow

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7
Q

What is the main method of transmission in contagious mastitis?

A

Milking process, infected cows are primary reservoir of infection

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8
Q

What are the main bacteria that cause contagious mastitis?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureas

- Streptococcus agalactiae and dysgalactiae

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9
Q

Describe the clinical signs of contagious mastitis

A
  • Mild-moderate in severity
  • Often chronic infection
  • Associated with high somatic cell counts
  • Infected quarters intermittently shed large numbers of bacteria into milk often without clinical signs
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10
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus in mastitis

A
  • Gram +ve cocci
  • Chronic, mild or subclinical mastitis
  • High somatic cell counts
  • Occasionally causes gangrenous mastitis
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11
Q

Describe Streptococcus agalactiae in mastitis

A
  • Gram +ve cocci
  • Highly conagious
  • Obligate udder pathogen living in gland
  • Now rare, once removed from herd will not return (only found in udder)
  • High somatic cel count
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12
Q

Describe Streptococcus dysgalactiae in mastitis

A
  • Gram +ve cocci

- Usually considered contagious but can survive in environment

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13
Q

Outline transmission of pathogens causing mastitis during milking

A
  • Infected cow in
  • Contagious milk contaminates milker’s hand or equipment
  • Infects sbsequent animals
  • Milking most important point of control for contagious mamstitis
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14
Q

List bacteria important in environmental mastitis

A
  • E. coli
  • Streptococcus uberis
  • Streptococcus dysgalactiae
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15
Q

Describe environmental mastitis

A
  • Infection acquireed directly following contact with pathogens in environment
  • Environment is primary reservoir
  • Most cases milk-moderate, less likely to eastblich sub-clinical disease (except S. uberis)
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16
Q

Describe E. coli in mastitis

A
  • Gram -ve bacilli
  • Minority of cases by E. coli are acute and severe often around calving
  • chronic infection rare
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17
Q

Describe Streptococcus uberis in mastitis

A
  • Gram +ve coccus
  • Most common cause of clinical mastitis in UK
  • Cows on straw yards
  • Chronic infection, high somatic cell count
18
Q

Outline how infection with environmental mastitis occurs

A
  • Contamination before milking

- Pathogens into udder during milking when teats open

19
Q

Compare clinical vs sub-clinical disease

A
  • Clinical: identified based on clinical signs
  • Sub-clinical: disease present but no visual signs, additional tests required for diagnosis, presents greater transmission risk
20
Q

List clinical signs of mastitis

A
  • Changes to milk
  • Inflammation of the gland
  • Systemic illness
21
Q

Describe some changes to milk that occur in mastitis

A
  • Clots, lumps, strings present
  • Changes in colour (off whites/yollows/reds)
  • Changes in consistency
  • Smell
22
Q

Describe the appearance of an inflamed mammary gland

A
  • Swollen
  • Hot
  • Hard
  • Painful
  • Possibly necrosis of the qaurter
23
Q

Describe teh appearance of systemic illness with mastitis

A
  • Varying severity
  • Reduced milk yield
  • Pyrexia
  • Anorexia
  • Recumbency
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnoea
  • Collapse
  • Death
24
Q

Describe a grade 1 mastitis

A
  • Mild
  • Changes to milk only
  • Clots, change of colour, change of consistency
25
Q

Describe a grade 2 mastitis

A
  • Moderate
  • changes to udder
  • Heat, pain, swelling
26
Q

Describe a grade 3 mastitis

A
  • Changes to the cow (sick cow)

- Pyrexia, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea plus others

27
Q

What are the points in the 5 point plan for mastitis control?

A
  • Post0milking disinfection
  • Treat clinical cases promptly
  • Dry cow therapy for all animals
  • Cull chronically infected animals
  • Milking machine maintenance
28
Q

Describe the post-milking teat disinfection in the control of mastitis

A
  • Anythign on teat from milking killed
  • Immediately after unit removal
  • Dips or sprays
  • Cover all sides on all teats
  • Many disinfections
  • For control of contagious mastitis
29
Q

Describe the treatment of clinical mastitis

A
  • Identify and treat rapidly
  • Aseptic infusion of intra-mammary antibiotic tubes most common
  • Wide range of products
  • Injectable antibiotics also used
30
Q

Describe dry cow therapy in the control of mastitis

A
  • Cures existing infections, prevents new infections in dry period
  • Cure existing: long acting antibiotic tubes infused at drying off
  • Prevent new: antibiotic dry cow tubes or internal teat sealant
  • Aim to use more non-antibiotic prevention
31
Q

Describe culling of chronically infected cows in the control of mastitis

A
  • Represent major reservoir

- Culling from herd prevents contagious spread

32
Q

Describe milking machine maintenance in the control of mastitis

A
  • Act as fomite for transmission of contagious
  • Vacuum instabilities can drive pathogens into quarter
  • Regular maintenance important
33
Q

How can mastitis in the herd be monitored?

A
  • Maintain and complete accurate records
  • Sample proportion of cases for bacteriological analysis to identify pathogen causing most disease on farm
  • Different methods for clinical and subclinical
34
Q

Describe the monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis

A
  • Usually contagious pathogens
  • Infection does lead to to elevated somatic cell count
  • Large number infected BMSCC wll rise for example
35
Q

Describe monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis using bulk milk somatic cell count

A
  • Guide to levels of subclinical in herd

- To be legal in europe, 3 month geometric mean of BMSCC of a dairy herd must be before 400,000cells/ml

36
Q

Describe the monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis using indvidual cow somatic cell count

A
  • Samples from individaul cows collected regularly usually montly) analysed
  • National milk records
  • Problem cows identified and managed appropriately
37
Q

Describe the California Milk test in the monitoring of subclinical mastitis

A
  • Binds to somatic cells, not bacteria i.e. not a measure for infection
  • Simple, cheap, cow side indirect measure of SCC
  • Identify problem cows and infected quarters
  • Milk mixed with coloured detergent, reacts with cells present, degree of thickenign directly proportional to number fo cells present (i.e. thicker = more cells)
38
Q

Outline the control of environmental mastitis

A
  • Ensure environment is clean

- Pre-milking disinfection

39
Q

Explain how pre-milking disinfection helps control environmental mastitis

A
  • Rapid bacterial kill time
  • Applied, leave for 60s, dry with clean towel
  • Removes pathogens before milking so cannot get into udder when teats open for milking
  • If very dirty need to thoroughly clean
  • Cannot use post-dips as pre-dips
40
Q

What is another potential cause of alumpy udder in pigs?

A

Actinomyces (chronic mastitis, also causes lumpy jaw)

REPRO (30 decks)

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