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REPRO > Erection and ejaculation > Flashcards

Erection and ejaculation Flashcards

1
Q

Define libido

A

The behavioural manifestation of sexua desire

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2
Q

Define intromission

A

The entrance of he penis into the vagina

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3
Q

Define erection

A

The firming and enlargement of the penis

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4
Q

Define emission in ejaculation

A

The movement of accessory gland fluid into the male urethra to mix with sperm

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5
Q

Define ejaculation

A

The reflex expulsion of sperm and seminal plasma from the male reproductive tract

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6
Q

What are the 2 structural types of penis?

A
  • Fibroelastic

- Musculocutaneous

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7
Q

What are the muscles of the penis?

A
  • Paired ischiocavernosus
  • Urethralis
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Paired retractor penis muscle
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8
Q

Where is the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A

Originates at the ischial arch and inserts on the roof of the penis

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9
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A

Forces bood into the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum during erection

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10
Q

Where are the urethralis muscle and the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Surround the urethra

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11
Q

What is the function of the urethralis and bulbospongiosus?

A

Transport of semen

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12
Q

Where is the paired retractor penis muscle?

A

Originates at caudal vertebrae and inserts on sigmoid flexure in ruminants/pigs or the distal penis

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13
Q

What is the function of the retractor penis muscle?

A
  • Allows retraction and protrusion of the penis

- Realxes at time of sexual excitement to allow lengthening of sigmoid fexure and thus erection can occur

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14
Q

Describe precopulatory behaviour

A
  • Search for sexual partner
  • Courtship (usually initiated by female)
  • Sexual arousal
  • Erection
  • Penile protrusion
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15
Q

What is required in order for erection to occur?

A
  • Elevated arterial blood inflow
  • Dilation of corporal sinusoids
  • Restricted venous outflow
  • Elevated intra-penile pressure
  • Relaxation of the retractor penis muscle
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16
Q

What are the corporal sinusoids?

A
  • Within erectile tissue, dormed from connective tissue trabeculae
  • Are what fills with blood during erection
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17
Q

How is venous return from the penis altered in order to maintain erection?

A
  • Engorgement of cavernous tissue causes blockage of venous return
  • Ischiocavernosus causes blockage of penile veins
  • Intermittent contractions causes pump-like action at base of penis
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18
Q

Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the penis

A
  • In flaccid, lumen of helicine arteries closed by sympathetic tone in muscles of vessel walls
  • Adrenergic nerves secrete norepinephrine
  • Causes vasoconstriction
  • Unabe to deliver blood to sinusoids
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19
Q

Describe the neuronal component of erection

A
  • erection caused by firing of parasympathetic neurones
  • Inhibit (relax) longitudinal muscle fibres in helicine arteries
  • Blood into central sinusoids, swelling
  • Compression of oblique veins
  • Further penile swelling
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20
Q

Where do the helicine arteries empty into?

A

Venous sinuses

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21
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system initiate erection?

A
  • NANC neurones innervate helicine arteries
  • Nerve terminals release nitric oxide
  • NO stimulates guanylate cyclase to conver GTP to cGMP
  • cGMP causes smooth muscle to relax
  • Sinuses engorge
  • Intracorporal pressure increases
  • Venules and veins compressed
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22
Q

What are NANC neurones?

A

Nonadrenergic noncholinergic parasympathetic neurones

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23
Q

What are the components of copulatory behaviour?

A
  • Mounting
  • Intromission
  • Ejaculation
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24
Q

Describe erection of the fibroelastic penis

A
  • Mostly fibrus tissue
  • Little increase in length and girth
  • Length increased by straightening of sigmoid flexure as a result of relaxation of the retractor penis muscle
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25
Q

Describe erection of the musculocavernous penis

A
  • Expansion in diameter and length during erection

- Engorgement with blood more significant in stallion, dog and man more than bull, ram and boar

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26
Q

What are the different ways in which penile enlargement can occur?

A
  • Lengthening of majority of penis via sigmoid flexure lengthening (ruminant, pig)
  • Swelling of penile body and glans penis (stallion/man)
  • Swelling of mainly glands penis (dog)
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27
Q

When does swelling of the penis occur in the dog?

A

After intromission

28
Q

What can intromission be aided by?

A
  • Penile lengthening (ruminants,, pig)
  • Engorgement (stallion, man)
  • Os penis (dog)
29
Q

Describe the loss of erection following copulation

A
  • Sympathetic tone predominates
  • Closure of helicine arteries
  • Blood flows out of sinusoids and erection subsides slowly
30
Q

Describe the process of ejaculation

A
  • Stimualtion of glans penis (pressure and temperature) viainternal pudendal nerve to lumbosacral region of spinal cord
  • Firing of nerves within spinal cord
  • Reflex innervaiton of urethralis (bulbospongiosus) and ischiocavenosus
  • Reflex expulsion of sperm and seminal plasma form male reproductive tract
31
Q

Compare the duration of ejaulation in different species

A
  • Rapid: small volume of ejacullate e.g. ruminant, tom cat
  • Long: medium/large colume ejaculate e.g. stallion
  • Prolonged: large volume of ejaculate e.g. pig and dog
32
Q

Describe the ejaculate of stallions

A
  • Series of jets
  • Sperm rich fraction ejaculated in 3-4 jets
  • Last 5-8 jets at lower pressure and less sperm
33
Q

Describe the ejaculate of boars

A
  • Series of seminal fractions
  • First fraction: accessory fluids and few sperm
  • Second fraction: rich in spermatozoa
  • Final fraction: thick coagulum
34
Q

What is the function of the coagulum produced by boars?

A

Prevent loss of sperm from female tract

35
Q

Describe the ejaculate of dogs

A
  • 3 fractions
  • Pre serm fraction from prostate
  • Sperm rich fraction
  • Prostate dervied fraction delivered with greater force
36
Q

What is the function of the final ejaculatory fraction produced by dogs?

A

Large volume to push sperm rich fraction into uterus, increasing chance of conception

37
Q

Desribe the Canine Tie

A
  • Male mounts female (intromission)
  • Pre-serm and sperm rich fraction released
  • Male turns around
  • Bulbus glandis swells, locked together
  • Swelling maintained by contraction of vagina
  • Male ejaculates prostatic fluid in this phase
38
Q

What penile disorders could occur with injury to the pelvic region and why?

A
  • Sympathetic supply from hypogastrics
  • Semi-permanent erection (priapism)
  • Or penis unable to return to prepuse (paraphimosis)
39
Q

What is the site of ejaculation in bulls?

A

Vagina

40
Q

What is the site of ejaculation in stallions?

A

Uterus

41
Q

What is the site of ejaculation in rams?

A

Vagina

42
Q

What is the site of ejaculation in boars?

A

Uterus

43
Q

What is the site of ejaculation in dogs?

A

Vagina

44
Q

What is the site of ejaculation in tomcats?

A

Vagina

45
Q

What are the components of semen?

A
  • Spermatozoa
  • Seminal plasma
  • Preputial secretions
46
Q

What makes up preputial secretions?

A
  • Aka smegma

- Contains cellular material and bacteria

47
Q

What does total sperm output and semen quality vary according to?

A
  • Species
  • Season (in seasonal breeders)
  • Individuals within a species
  • Method of collection
  • Degree of excitement/teasin
  • Frequency of ejaculation
  • Nutrition, ag, illness
48
Q

What are common assessments of semen quality?

A
  • Total sperm output = volume x concentration
  • Percentage of normal motility sperm
  • Percentage of normal morphology sperm
49
Q

What is venereal transmission?

A

Transmition at mating (may or may not cause disease)

50
Q

Where are most veneral organisms found?

A

In the normal waxy discharge of the sheath (smegma)

51
Q

What can the effects be if disease occurs due to veneral bacteria?

A
  • Reproductive diseased, generalised disease or both
  • Within adult male, female, either or both
  • Can be associted with subsequent pregnancy fialure
52
Q

Identify dog veneral pathogens

A
  • Canine herpesvirus 1

- Brucella canis (not present in UK)

53
Q

Identify bovine veneral pathogens

A
  • Bovine herpesvirus 1
  • Brucella abortus
  • Campylobacter fetus (subspecies venerealis)
  • Chlamydophila abortus
  • Leptospira interrogans serovars
  • Mycoplasma bovigenitalium
  • Ureoplasma diversion
  • Bluetongue can survive in seminal plasma
54
Q

Identify equine veneral pathogens

A
  • Equine herpesvirus 3
  • equine viral arteritis virus
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Taylorella equigenitalis
55
Q

What does Taylorella equigenitalis cause?

A
  • Equine contagious metritis
  • Does not affect males but severe effects in females
  • Can be passed male to female
56
Q

Identify sheep veneral pathogens

A
  • Brucella ovia
  • Chlamydophila abortus
  • Brucella melitensis (rare)
57
Q

Idenify pig venereal pathogens

A
  • Brucella suis
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus
  • Porcine herpesvirus 1
  • Porcine parvovirus
58
Q

How can Campylobacter fetus act as a commensal and a pathogen?

A
  • Commensal in males, carried for life with no clinical signs or effect on semen quality
  • In female results in uterine infection and devastating infertility or early pregnancy loss
59
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for Campylobacter fetus?

A
  • Identification of organism in preputial washings
  • Direct smears, culture or fluorescent antibody testing
  • Vaginal mucus agglutination test of cows
60
Q

Describe the treatment and control of herd infection with Campylobacter fetus

A
  • Testing and removal of bulls
  • Treatment and removal of bulls with appropriate antibiotic
  • Insemination using clean AI
  • Vaccination of cow prior to breeding
61
Q

Describe how Haemophilus somnus can act as a commensal and a pathogen in cattle

A
  • In cows can cause vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis and abortion
  • In bulls usually asymptomatic, can cause epididymitis and testicular degeneration
  • Found in 30% of normal cows, 80% of norma bulls
62
Q

What methods can be used in to monitor herds or individuals for potential pathogenicorganisms?

A
  • Identification of organism by microbiology or pCR
  • Fluorescent antibody testing
  • Serological testing
63
Q

Explain the principles of a full breeding soundness examination of a ram

A
  • Need to assess genital organs, sperm production and quality
  • Full clinical exam, need to check for other sources of pain/discomfort
  • Jaw/mouth injury could mean not eating = decreased fertility/energy for mating
  • Conformation could affect mouning ability
  • Pain will affect libido
  • Cataracts would decrease libido
  • Brisket sores would discourage mounting
64
Q

How is scrotal circumference in the ram measured?

A
  • Tape

- Colours showing if poor, normal or enlarged for adults and lambs

65
Q

Describe inspection ofhte external genitalia of the ram

A
  • No obvious sores or pain response to palpation
  • Extrude penis from pepuce
  • Ensure testes are correct size and symmetrical, no swelling or damage
  • Feel for lumps
66
Q

How is a semen sample collected from a ram?

A
  • Teaser ewe and artificial vagina

- Can use electroejaculation

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