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REPRO > Clinical relevance > Flashcards

Clinical relevance Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the male reproductive anatomy can be assessed using ultrasound?

A
  • Testes (incl. epididymis)

- Prostate

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2
Q

What trasnducer should be used for ultrasonography of the male reproductive tract?

A

8MHz curvilinear array/microconvex

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3
Q

Describe the method for ultrasonography of the scrotum, testes and epididymis

A
  • Sagitaal, transverse, frontal planes
  • Apply lube to caudal asspect of scrotum
  • Apply transducer to scrotal skin
  • Image in all views
  • can identify mediastinum testis, mostly in saggital plane
  • Identify epididymis
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4
Q

Describe ultrasonography of the prostate in large animals

A
  • Transrectal

- Can see all accessory glands

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5
Q

Where is the prostate located in the dog?

A

At neck of bladder encircling urethra

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6
Q

Describe ultrasonography of the prostate in dogs

A
  • Topographical landmark is pubis
  • Dog in RLR, transducer sagitall plane
  • Parallel to prepuce just cranial to pubis
  • Identify bladder
  • Move transducer caudally to bladder neck, then continue until find prostate
  • Fan transducer to identify whole structure
  • return to centre of prostate, turn to get transverse plane image
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7
Q

Describe the appearance of the testicular parenchyma on ultrasonography

A
  • Hypoechoic

- Regular diffuse echogenic stippling throughout organ

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8
Q

Describe the appearance of the mediastinum testis on ultrasonography

A
  • Centrally within testis in dog
  • In sagittal is echogenic line approx 2mm wide, from cranial to caudal pole
  • In transverse appears echogenic circular structure
  • Often see acoustic shadow distal to mediastinum
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9
Q

Describe the appearance of the testucular and vaginal tunic, cremaster and scrotal skin on ultrasonography

A
  • Often summed together
  • Well defined hyperechoic line surrounding the testicle
  • Scrotal surface distal to transducer more readily imaged than that near to transducer
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10
Q

Describe the appearance of the epididymis on ultrasonography

A
  • Hypoechoic compared to testicular parenchyma
  • Close to testicular tunic
  • Cannot apply line of separation
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11
Q

Describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the prostatic parenchyma

A
  • Moderately echogenic
  • Diffuse coarse stippling
  • Well circumscribed
  • Symmetrical bi-lobed outline, midline furrow dorsal to the prostatic urethra
  • Urethra and capsule difficult to identify, vas deferens not possible to visualise
  • Small and hypoechoic in castrated male
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12
Q

What is the main reason for veneral swabbing in stallions?

A
  • Swabbing for contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis)
  • Also Kelbsiella
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13
Q

Describe the method for veneral swabbing in stallions

A
  • Stallion erect, urethra lubricated
  • First swab urethra, then urethral space, then shaft
  • Different swab for each location
  • Medium sized tip, charcoal transport medium
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14
Q

Why might a reproductive exam be performed in the cow?

A
  • Abnormalitites before, during or after calving
  • Non-bulling cows
  • Failure to conceive
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15
Q

Outline the features of a reproductive clinical history in the cow

A
  • Calving date
  • Abnormalities observed around parturition
  • Abnormalities in pre/post calving period
  • Observed oestrus
  • Service dates and history
  • Previous repro treatment
  • General health and milk production
  • Milk progesterone profile (not routine)
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16
Q

What is the actioin of GnRH?

A

Stimulates FSH adn LH release

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17
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of GnRH administration in the follicular phase?

A
  • Superovulation
  • Treatment of follicular cysts
  • Increases pregnancy rates
  • Improved concption rates if at time of service
  • Stimulates ovulation if dominant follicle present
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18
Q

What are the potential pharmocological effects of GnRH in the luteal phase?

A
  • Induction of parturition, increased regression of CL
  • Gonadal suppression if too much administered(negative feedback to reduce GnRH secretion)
  • Speed up development of follicles, or formation of accessory follicles
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19
Q

What is the action of FSH in the female?

A
  • Stimulation of E2 production

- Recruitment of small antral follicle

20
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of FSH in the follicular phase?

A

Superovulation due to stimulation of multiple follicle growth

21
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of FSH in the luteal phase?

A
  • Stimulate new follicle wave
  • Little effect
  • May aid dominant follicle develop further
22
Q

What is the action of LH in the female?

A
  • Stimulates dominance and growth of large antral follicles
  • Stimulates E2 and ovulation
  • Luteal P4 production
23
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of LH in the follicular phase?

A
  • Stimulate ovulaton
  • Improves conception
  • Treatment of cystic ovaries
24
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of LH in the luteal phase?

A

Maintain CL (2-3 days) if given 12 days after heat (useful to synchronise herd)

25
Q

What are the primary actions of oestradiol in the female?

A
  • Uterus proliferation, tone and blood flow
  • Oestrus behaviour
  • gnRH release (stimulatory at high conc, inhibitory at low)
  • Suppresses FSH secretion
26
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of oestradiol in the follicular phase?

A
  • Oestrus behaviour increased
  • GnRH/LH sruge
  • Ovulation
27
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of oestradiol in the luteal phase?

A

Luteolysis at high doses

28
Q

What are the primary actions of progesterone in the female?

A
  • Stimulates production of histotroph (branching/coiling of glands)
  • Suppresses oestrus
  • Suppresses GnRH/ovulation
29
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of progesterone in the follicular phase?

A

Contraceptive by inhibiting ovulation

30
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of progesterone in the follicular phase?

A
  • Maintains luteal phase
  • Drop in progesterone on removal causes expression of oxytocin receptors and so can lead to ovulation
  • Can be used for pregnancy termination
31
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin in the female?

A
  • PGF2a production if OXTR present
  • Milk ejection
  • Myometrial contractions
32
Q

What are the potential pharmacological actions of oxytocin in the follicular phase?

A

None

33
Q

What are the potential pharmacological actions of oxytocin at parturition?

A
  • Stimulation of contractions during parturition to remove uterine debris
  • Induce premature parturition
  • Improves post-partum involution and stimulation of milk secretion
34
Q

What are the potential pharmacological actions of oxytocin in the luteal phase?

A

No effect on cycle

35
Q

What are the actions of PGF2a in the female?

A

Luteolysis

36
Q

What are the potential pharmacological actions of PGF2a in the follicular phase?

A

None (does not alter follicular growth)

37
Q

What are the potential pharmacological effects of PGF2a in the luteal phase?

A
  • Luteolysis
  • Induction and synchronisation of calving
  • Regress persistent Cl
  • Abortion
  • Treatment of open pyometra
  • Treatment of pseudoanoestrus and silent heat
38
Q

Describe synchronisation of oestrus in cows using 2 doses of PGF2a

A
  • PG at day 0 of protocol
  • Will lyse CL if present, or no effect if in follicular phase or very early luteal where CL non-responsive to PGF2a
  • PG again 11 days later - all will be in luteal phase so PGF2a will have an effect
  • Will bring all cows back to oestrus at same time
39
Q

Describe herd cycle synchronisation using the OvSynch protocol

A
  • GnRH day 0
  • Causes ovulation of any dominant follicles if one present, no effect if in luteal phase
  • CL will pregress with time or PG injection
  • PG administered day 7 of protocol: Leads to CL regression of one that was either already present before GnRH, or one that was formed from ovulation due to GnRH = all in follicular phase
  • GnRH on day 9 then stimulates ovulation of the follicles at the same time
40
Q

Outline how pancytopaenia occurs in ferrets

A
  • If not mated, remain in heat (induced ovulators)
  • High oestrogen maintained for rest of breeding season (6 months)
  • Causes severe bone marrow suppression leading to anaemia
41
Q

Why is neutering not a common option for prevention of pancytopaenia in ferrets?

A

Can lead to hyperadrenocorticism

42
Q

Give options for preventing oestrogen aplastic anaemia in ferrets

A
  • Induce ovulation using sterile (vasectomised) male or manual stimulation
  • Mate and have a litter
  • hCG administration
  • Progesterone administration
  • GnRH analogues
43
Q

Describe treatment of oestrogen induced aplastic anaemia in ferrets

A
  • Mating with sterile mate
  • Blood transfusion (difficult in ferrets)
  • Hormone therapy e.g. gonadotrophins (hCG) to stimulate ovulation
  • Primary concern is to stimulate ovulation then deal with anaemia
44
Q

In order of susceptibility (most to least) what species are susceptible to oestrogen toxicity

A
  • Cats
  • Ferrets
  • Rats
  • Mice
  • Dogs
45
Q

In what situations does oestrogen toxicity occur in dogs?

A
  • Only when therapeutic administration

- When sued to treat pyometra can cause myelotoxicity

REPRO (30 decks)

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