MASTERY TERMS UNIT 3 Flashcards
Galileo Galilei
WHO- Was a brilliant astronomer and physicist who used the telescope to look at the moon and planets
WHERE-Italy
WHEN-17th Century
WHY
1) Using his own unique invention of the telescope he understood how the universe looked and worked, as the planets revolved around the sun and not the earth.
2) He believed that scientists should do science and the church should do religious acts, as they are both studying the works of God.
Rene Descartes
WHO- Was a mathematician and a philosopher who wanted to save religion
WHERE- France
WHEN- 17th century
WHY-
1) He sought to save religion during an age of science and reason by elevating matters of faith to the proof standards of reason
2) Used his method of doubt to help understand the world around him, leading to his famous claim “I think, therefore I am”
Scientific Revolution
WHO- anatomy, zoology, chemistry, and geology, as scientists questioned traditional assumptions about the physical world and proposed a new method of finding answers, based on empirical observation, experimentation, and rational analysis.
WHERE-
WHEN-16th-17th Centuries
WHY-
1) Taught scientists and priests to stay in their lane and that faith is private and science is for the public
2) God is the secondary cause (background), Ad Fontes was not used
3) Use knowledge based on method leading them to have a different view on earth which led to a different view on everything else
Isaac Newton
WHO- One of the most important figures in the Age of Reason who was a devoted English scientist
WHERE- England
WHEN- 17th century
WHY-
1) Proposed that the world operates such as the earth revolves around the sun and is mechanical
2) He developed the laws of nature which helped many understand the regularity of nature
3) The shift of the old world and the new world which led to the enlightenment
Immanuel Kant
WHO- a philosopher who proposed a new system of ethical thinking and wrote a defining essay about the Enlightenment
WHEN- 18th century
WHERE- Germany
WHY-
1) He loves the enlightenment and how the individual can possess reason and use that reason as a guide in our lives
2) Blames many for their lack of knowledge, cowardness, and laziness, making it easier for them to rely on experts to solve their problems rather than themselves
The Enlightenment
WHEN-17th-18th Centuries
WHY
1) The Scientific Revolution proposed new methods of seeking knowledge about the physical world, the Enlightenment applied this method to human belief and behavior.
2) All about natural human rights and how everyone is rational, autonomous agents
John Locke
WHO- Was a psychologist and physician as well as a political philosopher
WHERE-England
WHEN-17th Century
WHY
1) Proposed that government was not ordained by God, but the result of humans forming a “social contract” with each other or in other words “THE STATE OF NATURE”
2) The chief task of government was to preserve the natural rights of life, liberty, and property… which meant that citizens could overthrow governments that failed to protect those rights.
Pietism
WHO-
WHERE- Germany
WHEN- 17th century
WHY
1) Helped bring the idea of being born again (rebirth), showed us that we need to do more Christian practices such as reading the bible, preaching, and bible studies
2) Brought to unify the church and avoid needless controversy
John Wesley
WHO- Angelical priest who experienced a religious convergence
WHERE- England
WHEN-18th century
WHY
1)He was a failed priest who later inspired Methodism which led him to teach and preach to many about convergence
2) Called for a balance between faith and reason, he described reason cannot essential Christian aspects
3) The Wesley quadrilateral which is scripture, reason, tradition, and personal experience which are all committments to growing in holiness
Deism
WHO-
WHERE-Europe and America
WHEN- 17th and 18th century
WHY
1) God created the world (spins the world around) and the rational laws of nature on which it operates but is no longer involved in their creation (lets the world spin and watches)
2) It was a very reasonable religion and helped to improve and unify society
Olaudah Equiano
WHO-kidnapped, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold into slavery in Virginia. He later bought his freedom, worked as a sailor, and became an evangelical Christian.
WHERE- Nigeria and England
WHEN-18th century
WHY
1) Openly criticized the use of Christians and scripture to justify the institution of slavery
2) His works directly led to the abolishment of the British slave trade
Mary Wollstonecraft
WHO-An English defender of the French Revolution
WHERE-England
WHEN-18th century
WHY
1) She argued that men and women deserve natural equality because they both possess reason to the same degree
2) She thought that the inequality between men and women was solely based on a lack of opportunity and education
Sojourner Truth
WHO- Won her freedom in 1826. After a series of dramatic religious experiences, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843
WHERE-United States
WHEN-18th century
WHY
1) Expressed her faith along with equality through public speaking
2) She is important to the abolitionist movement and the women’s rights movement, combining them to look at equal rights as a just society in both race and gender.
Frederick Douglass
WHO- Escaped from enslavement in Maryland in 1838 and became a leading abolitionist.
WHERE- United States
WHEN-18th century
WHY
1) Made a distinct separation from the Christianity of Christ and the Christianity of this land.
2) Christianity of this land = violent, greedy, slave-owning
Christianity of Christ = peaceful, loving
these two cannot be more different, to follow one you must reject the other.
Industrial Revolution
WHO
WHERE- England–> United States, Europe
WHEN- 18th-19th Centuries
WHY
1) Rapid production of goods which reshaped the economic material and social development of the world
2) Led to a boom in factory production which led to an increase in the working-class population.
3) Goods became cheaper to make and cheaper to buy
4) The rich get richer and the poor get poorer, wok
