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biology - inheritence > mass transport in animals > Flashcards

mass transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what is heamoglobin

A

globular protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains

  • each has a heam group an Fe2+ ion
  • 4 oxygen binding sites
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2
Q

what is the function of haemoglobin

A

carrier of oxygen through blood to reprising cells

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3
Q

what is affinity

A

another word for attraction

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4
Q

at high partial pressures what is the affinity for oyxgen

A

high

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5
Q

at low partial pressures what is the affinity for oxygen

A

low

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6
Q

why is the oxyheamoglobin dissosiation curve s shapes

A
  • conformational change
    when bind of 2nd and 3rd makes it easier oxygen to bind (changes shape easier)
  • plato = decrease in binding site availability - harder for oxygen to bind
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7
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A
  • co2 dissolved in blood
  • forming carbonic acid
  • lowering blood pH
    changes tertiary structure of haemoglobin
  • lower affinity for oxygen
  • mroe oxygen is more likely to dissociate at respiring tissues

dissociation curve shifts to the right

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8
Q

what way does the curve shift in higher pH

A

left

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9
Q

what type of haemoglobin do mountain dwellers have

A

higher affinity so hemoglobin loaded with oxygen at low partial pressure

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10
Q

what type of protein do foetus and worms have

A

myosin

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11
Q

which way do veins travel

A

towards the heart

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12
Q

which way do arteries travel

A

away from the heart

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13
Q

what blood vessels surround liver?

A

hepatic artery
hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein

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14
Q

what blood vessels surround the kidney?

A

renal vein

renal artery

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15
Q

what vessel leaves the heart to the body

A

aorta

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16
Q

what vessel leaves the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

17
Q

what vessel enters to heart from the body

A

vena cava

18
Q

what vessel enters the heart from the lungs

A

pulmonary vein

19
Q

draw a labeled diagrpam of the heart

A

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/5a/92/12/5a9212d9f70fdfc2dfb48a0b530df045.jpg

20
Q

describe the cardiac cycle

A
  1. cardiac diastole
    - atria and ventricles relaxed and blood enters atria
    - increases volume of atria and therefore increases pressure
    - AV valves open and blood flows into ventricle down pressure gradient
  2. atrial systole and ventricular diastole
    - atria contract to ensure all blood enters ventricles
    - ventricular pressure slightly increase, shutting AV valves to preventing backflow as PV > P A
  3. Ventricular systole
    - ventricles contract
    - increases ventricular pressure
    - mroe then pulmonary artery/aorta
    - semilunar valve open so blood flows into pulmonary artery / aorta
21
Q

what is the difference in muscles walls of atria and ventricles

A

atria thin - only pump to ventricles

ventricle - thicker pump around body

22
Q

what is a double circulatory system and how does it help

A

allows high pressure to be maintained
single system wouldn’t work - large SA of lung capilies would decrease pressure so less oxygenated blood is delivered to tissues

23
Q

adaptations of arteries

A
  • contain thick muscular layer
    contriction and dilation can control blood volume
  • thick elastic layer - maintain bp and to allow stretch/recoil
24
Q

adaptations of aterioles

A
  • thick muscle layer to restrict blood flow into capilaries

- thinner elastic layer/well

25
Q

adaptations of veins

A
  • thin muscle layer
  • thin elastic layer and wall due to lower pressure
  • thin layers mean can be flattened, helping blood flow heart
  • contain valves to prevent backflow
26
Q

adaptation of capilaries

A
  • no muscle or elastic layer
  • wall one cell- thick SDD
  • form capillary beds which have a narrow diameter - squashed against wall -> SDD
27
Q

formation and return of tissue fluid.

A
  • blood enters capleries from arterioles
  • high hydrostatic pressure at arterial end
  • moelcules like glucose/aa/ fatty acids/ ions/water / oxygen forced out -> TISSUE FLUID
  • larger moelcules stay as too larger - increasing water pot
  • at venule end low hydrostatic pressure and water pot
  • water renters by osmosis
  • remaining tissue fluid absorbed into lymphatic system

biology - inheritence (9 decks)

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