mass transport in animals Flashcards
what is heamoglobin
globular protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
- each has a heam group an Fe2+ ion
- 4 oxygen binding sites
what is the function of haemoglobin
carrier of oxygen through blood to reprising cells
what is affinity
another word for attraction
at high partial pressures what is the affinity for oyxgen
high
at low partial pressures what is the affinity for oxygen
low
why is the oxyheamoglobin dissosiation curve s shapes
- conformational change
when bind of 2nd and 3rd makes it easier oxygen to bind (changes shape easier) - plato = decrease in binding site availability - harder for oxygen to bind
what is the Bohr effect
- co2 dissolved in blood
- forming carbonic acid
- lowering blood pH
changes tertiary structure of haemoglobin - lower affinity for oxygen
- mroe oxygen is more likely to dissociate at respiring tissues
dissociation curve shifts to the right
what way does the curve shift in higher pH
left
what type of haemoglobin do mountain dwellers have
higher affinity so hemoglobin loaded with oxygen at low partial pressure
what type of protein do foetus and worms have
myosin
which way do veins travel
towards the heart
which way do arteries travel
away from the heart
what blood vessels surround liver?
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein
what blood vessels surround the kidney?
renal vein
renal artery
what vessel leaves the heart to the body
aorta
what vessel leaves the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
what vessel enters to heart from the body
vena cava
what vessel enters the heart from the lungs
pulmonary vein
draw a labeled diagrpam of the heart
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/5a/92/12/5a9212d9f70fdfc2dfb48a0b530df045.jpg
describe the cardiac cycle
- cardiac diastole
- atria and ventricles relaxed and blood enters atria
- increases volume of atria and therefore increases pressure
- AV valves open and blood flows into ventricle down pressure gradient - atrial systole and ventricular diastole
- atria contract to ensure all blood enters ventricles
- ventricular pressure slightly increase, shutting AV valves to preventing backflow as PV > P A - Ventricular systole
- ventricles contract
- increases ventricular pressure
- mroe then pulmonary artery/aorta
- semilunar valve open so blood flows into pulmonary artery / aorta
what is the difference in muscles walls of atria and ventricles
atria thin - only pump to ventricles
ventricle - thicker pump around body
what is a double circulatory system and how does it help
allows high pressure to be maintained
single system wouldn’t work - large SA of lung capilies would decrease pressure so less oxygenated blood is delivered to tissues
adaptations of arteries
- contain thick muscular layer
contriction and dilation can control blood volume - thick elastic layer - maintain bp and to allow stretch/recoil
adaptations of aterioles
- thick muscle layer to restrict blood flow into capilaries
- thinner elastic layer/well
