Mass Media Sociologists Flashcards
Agbetu
A black person has three attributed in the media: Involved in : Sports Entertainment Crime
Bagdikan
In 1983 50 corporations controlled most media in the U.S.
By 1992 this dropped to 22 controlling 90%
Argues that if they were individually owned there would be 2500 owners
Instead by 2004 the U.S. media was concentrated into 7 owners
Ballister
Women’s magazines seem to present conflicting messages
- behave radically but conform to traditional values
Barnes
Disabled people stereotypes in media: Pitiable + pathetic Sinister + evil Super cripple Their own worst enemy A burden Sexually abnormal Incapable of competing
Batchelor
Lack of positive images of lesbian and gay teenagers in the media
Butler
Gender is not the result of nature but is socially constructed
Gender behaviour is constructed through media and culture
Gender is a performance
There are a number of exaggerated representations of masculinity and femininity which causes gender trouble
Bulsara
Three potent images of disabled people:
Pity
Dependent
Flawed
Batcheler
Gays are not integrated into the mainstream media, they are a target for teasing and bullying
Lesbianism is hardly shown
Curran
Ownership of the mass media has always been concentrated in the hands of a few powerful people
- the ‘press barons’ in the 30s - 4 men who were owned nearly 1/2 of all newspapers, local and national
Colliers
Men’s magazines are often contradictory in their representation
Connell
Feminine identity in the uk is still the product of hegemonic ideas
Craig
Homosexual stereotypes in the media
- campness
- Macho
- deviant
Curran and seaton
Newspapers assume the w/c are uninterested in politics
Williams
Fewer and fewer large companies increasingly own what we see hear and read
Croteau and Hoynes (1997)
Vertical integration is when one owner acquires all aspects of production and distribution of a single type of media product
Horizontal integration is when one company buys different types of media - Virgin
Kennedy
Vertical integration means that now most film goers are watching films made by the big American studios
Dutton
4 essential parts of mass media
- distance
- technology
- scale
- commodification
Cumberbatch
Youth and beauty the main features of women in the media
2x more likely to be shown in domestic roles
Men 2x more likely to be shown in paid work
Duncan + messer
Male gaze
Dyer
Media constructs what is stereotyped as ‘gayness’ - vocal highs, expressions, walks etc
- Makes the visible the invisible
Easthorpe
The masculine myth
Edwards
The new man was simply a product of advertisement do they can sell their products to males and females
McCabe and Martin
Imitation was a likely outcome of media violence as the media often portrays such violence as heroic
Such acts are then carried out by young people as they believe that it is acceptable
This is known as the disinhibition effect
Ferguson
Many magazines were like apprentice manuals to teach women domestic skills
Gerbner
Symbolic interactionism of gays and lesbians
Gill
Homosexuality represented in a sanitised way
Gauntlett
Increased in main female characters
- 1992/3 - 18%
- 1995/6 - 43%
Karpf
There is a need for charities, but telephones
Act to keep audience as givers whereas recipients are kept in place as grateful
Hall
Policing the crisis
Moral panic of black muggings
Labelled all young black people as muggers
Lipman and Lassewell
Hypodermic syringe model
Hakim
Erotic capital
Katz and Lasarfield
Two step flow model
Morrison
There is a difference between realistic violence and cartoonish violence
Morgan
Porn is the theory, rape is the practise
McQueen
Status of different age groups determined by money - adults have the most Consumer strand - children targeted Public service strand- educational tv Adult strand - watch adult tv
Narin
The monarchy is now represented with values such as niceness and decency
McRobbie
Studied girls magazines and drew similar conclusions to Ferguson
Now women are encouraged to be assertive confident and supportive of each other
Newson
Exposure to violent killings etc on TV creates a drip drip effect amongst young people
This results in such violence being decentralised - they begin to see such behaviour as normal and are socialised into accepting deviant behaviour
Peake (2004)
In 1988 there were only 4 TV channels in the UK, now there are over 250 (in 2004)
Cinema multiplexes - 14 to 2000
0 web pages to billions
Mort
The metrosexual male
Newman
Upper + middle class + elderly often portrayed in tv and film as occupying high status roles, eg judges, politicians
Newbold
Little coverage of women’s sport
Mulvey
Film makers employ a male gaze
Persons
Youth tends to be depicted as a problem in the media
Orbach
Links the media yo the rise in anorexia and bulimia
Richardson
Islamaphobia
- Muslims represented negatively
- rarely news casters
Penny
Stressed the supportive role magazines play in women’s lives
Successful women are depicted as having children and top managers in businesses
Ross
Old people object to portrayals as:
Infantilisation
Unrealistic + satanised
Constant use of wheelchairs, white sticks and guide dogs
Roper
Range of images identified of disabled people but mostly negative
Tuchman
Women shown in sexual or domestic settings
Van Dijk
Moral panics of immigrants refugees and Muslims
Rutherford
Retributive masculinity
Venker
Now men are being emasculated - considered to be stupid
- feminism has gone too far
Whannels
David Beckham is controversial -retributive+ metrosexual
Watney
British news coverage of AIDS in the 80s stereotyped gay people as carriers of a gay plague
Wolf
Body ideals - through advertisement and print media
Young
Seeing the effects of violence and the pain it causes makes people less likely to commit such acts
