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Sociology A2 > Crime And Deviance Sociologists > Flashcards

Crime And Deviance Sociologists Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Althusser

A

The law is an ideological state apparatus which makes sure it remains normal to have some that are obscenely wealthy and others that are obscenely poor

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2
Q

Atkinson

A

Suicide statistics are a reflection of the coroners assumptions
Coroners hold a ‘common sense’ theory for classifying deaths as a suicide - eg is there a note, mode of death etc

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3
Q

Baldwin and Bottoms

A

Tipping - an area which is usually law obeying which turns into a rough area

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4
Q

Becker

A 
Deviant career
Labelling
Master status
Moral entrepreneurs 
Moral crusade 
Delinquent boyswere less likely to be charged if they cooperated and acted like 'good' boys
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5
Q

Bennet, Dilulio and Walters

A

Right realist

Crime is the result of growing up around deviant and criminal adults

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6
Q

Akers

A

Criticised labelling theory
- saying deviants are perfectly normal until labelled
Must be a reason why labels are applied to some and not others

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6
Q

Bordieu

A

Cultural capital

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7
Q

Bowbly

A

Deviance is due to a child’s early socialisation - maternal deprivation in early years

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8
Q

Bowling and Philips

A

High levels of poverty and social exclusion could explain why there is a high level of robbery amongst black people

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9
Q

Box

A

The ruling class have the power to block laws that aren’t in their interest

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10
Q

Brantingham

A

Cognitive maps

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11
Q

Carlen

A

Women commit crimes because they have no power at work or in their families

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12
Q

Chambliss

A 
Laws that protect private property are the cornerstone of the capitalist economy 
The ruling class have the power to prevent the introduction of laws that threaten their interests
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13
Q

Clarke

A

Right realists
Rational choice theory

Opportunity consists of two elements:
How attractive the target is - how much can be gained
How accessible it is- how easy it is to commit the crime

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14
Q

Clinard

A

When crime/deviance occurs it sends a message to us that societies social order is breaking down.
This prompts governments to do something

Crime is a warning sign to show there is something wrong, eg stealing shows things are too expensive

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15
Q

Cloward and Ohlin

A

3 types of subcultures
Conflict
Criminal
Retreatist

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16
Q

Cohen - general

A

Deviance allows people to let of steam in a relatively harmless way

We have many institutions and ways of stopping crime -police are only one of the agencies that try to limit crime
More crimes are arising and more organisations are needed to control them
More invisible forms of control- curfews, CCTV ect
Status frustration

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17
Q

Cohen - state crime

A

Three ways dictators end human rights violations

  • it didn’t happen
  • if it did happen, it is something else
  • even if if is what you say it is, it’s justified
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18
Q

Cohen and Felson

A

Routine activity
- crimes are more likely to occur where day to day activities of victims and offenders cross and there is little chance of prevention of the crime

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19
Q

Davis

A

Crime and deviance can act as a safety valve - let of steam

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20
Q

Ditton and Mars

A

Many employees thought that it was a perk of the job and legitimate to steal from their workplace

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21
Q

Durkheim

A

Society shares a set of core values (collective conscience)
Crime allows social change to happen - forces society to think differently
Crime helps to maintain order - reaffirms the value consensus
Crime brings people together in their hatred of it

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22
Q

Durkheim suicide

A

Was the first to argue it was caused by social factors not individual personalities

Suicide rates varied between countries but overall were fairly stable
Suicide rates varied between groups

Definition: All causes of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative view of themselves, which they know will produce this result

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23
Q

Durkheim types of suicide

A

Egoistic- feels isolated from society and cut off
Altruistic- over integration of the individual into the social fold
Anomic- normally takes place when a big situation happens unexpectedly
Fatalistic - over regulation in society

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24
Q

Farmington and West

A

Offenders are more likely to come from poor backgrounds

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25
Q

Felson

A

Right realist
Crime needs 3 things - a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian
Offenders act rationality - a guardian will deter them
Informal guardians (community) more effective than formal ones
Florid 1982- after hurricane Andrew patrols to stop looting

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26
Q

Foucault

A

We need to change the thinking habits of criminals

Talked about the panopticon prison

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27
Q

Gilroy

A

Black crime, particularly in the 1970s, was a form of political resistance against a repressive, racist state
Denies that there was greater criminality amongst black people than white but the media created a folk devil of black people which generated deviance amplification

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28
Q

Croall

A

Defined white collar crime as crime committed in the course of legitimate employment, an abuse of an occupational role
Often doctors will falsify prescriptions and patient records to claim more funding from the NHS. One GP made over £700000 in 5 years by doing this

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29
Q

Goffman

A

Dramatetgical analogy

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30
Q

Gordon

A

Capitalism causes class inequalities in wealth, income, poverty, unemployment and homelessness

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31
Q

Gouldner

A

Criticises labelling theory

  • fail to provide any real changes to the status quo
  • just criticise psychiatrist, police officers and doctors for their role in labelling
32
Q

Hall and Chambliss

A

The criminal justice system only reflects the ruling class

33
Q

Heidensohn

A

Women have more to lose if they deviate from the norms
Women are controlled in their lives which prevents them from committing crimes
The criminal justice system is male dominated
Canteen culture

34
Q

Henry and Millcanovic

A

Accepts the definition of street crime being committed by the poor rather than the damage that is done to the poor by powerful groups
Ignores corporate crime

35
Q

Herrnstein and Murray

A

Right realists

The main cause if crime is low intelligence which they see as biologically determined

36
Q

Hirschi

A

Crime occurs when peoples attachment to society is broken
4 bonds that connect people to society
- attachment - care about others wishes and opinions
- commitment - what we have to lose
- involvement - less time to commit crimes - jobs, family
- belief - believe rules should not be broken

37
Q

Hirschi and Gottfredson

A

Social bonds were not enough to suggest why some people commit crimes - opportunity also matters

38
Q

Hobbs

A

Night time economy - entertainment industry at night - pubs, fights, clubs, nights in cells

39
Q

Katz

A

Postmodernist

It is not a process of rejection that leads to crime, it is because it is thrilling

40
Q

Kinsey, Lea and Young

A

Left realists
Police clear up rates are too low to act as a deterrent to crime
Police spend too little time investigating crime

41
Q

Lea and Young

A

Left realists

3 causes of crime - relative deprivation, subcultures, marginalisation

42
Q

Lemert

A

Primary and secondary deviance

43
Q

Kelman and Hamilton

A

Features that produce crimes of obedience

  • Authorisation - ordered by someone in a higher authority
  • Routinisation - crime becomes routine - can be done in a detached manor
  • Dehumanisation - enemy of the state portrayed as sub human
44
Q

Lombrosso

A

Criminals had biological characteristics which were the outward signs of an inborn criminal nature

45
Q

Lyng

A

Young males engage in edgework - going to the edge of acceptable behaviour

46
Q

Maffesoli

A

Subcultural theories place too much emphasis on groups sharing values
Subcultures are fluid flexible States of mind or lifestyle
Deviant values are less important than values like consumption and individual identity

47
Q

Maguire

A

Only around 3% of all crimes in England and Wales ends with a conviction
As such we don’t have reliable evidence about who is committing offences and therefore our image of offenders is heavily biased

48
Q

Mannheim

A 
The law protects private property and therefore protects the wealth and profit of the rich/ruling class
Criminal law is an alliance between corporate business and the state
49
Q

Matza

A

Techniques of neutralisation

- subterranean values

50
Q

McLaughlin

A

4 categories of state crime

  • Political crimes - corruption/censorship
  • Crimes by security/police forces - genocide, torture
  • Economic crimes -
  • Social and cultural crimes - racism
51
Q

McRobbie and Thornton

A

Moral panics are outdated

52
Q

Merton

A

Strain theory - there was a strain or conflict between the cultural goals of American society and the opportunities or means to achieve these goals in the social structure
American Dream fake
5 responses to this - conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

54
Q

Messerschmidt

A

Rejects biological theory - men are biologically/genetically more violent
Rejects sex role theory - men/woman taught gender roles as children
Masculinity is shaped by social class, age, ethnicity and sexual orientation
Hegemonic masculinity - the ideal way of being a man
Subordinate masculinity- any other way of being a man
Criminal behaviour is a way of asserting masculinity when other ways are unavailable

55
Q

Miller

A

Folkal concerns - lower class have their own values which encourage them to break the law

55
Q

Moore

A

The police play a very significant part in the social construction of crime and deviance because it is they who record reported crime

57
Q

Moore, Aiken and Chapman

A

See the police as filters, only recording some of the crimes reported to them

57
Q

Morris

A

Found no evidence of people living in certain areas holding a different set of values

58
Q

Murray

A

There is an underclass who:
Have no desire for employment
Have a string of short term partners
Bear children outside of serious relationships
This creates generations who don’t care about the values of society

60
Q

Murray - realism

A

Right realist

Crime is rising due to the growth of an underclass

61
Q

Park and Burgess

A

Explain crime by suggesting that it is linked to the environment, making a comparison to ‘plant communities’ they highlighted how some gardens get invaded by weeds - this was linked to the idea that certain types of areas in society are likely to experience high levels of crime

62
Q

Plummer

A

Societal deviance is what the dominant ideology of society considers wrong
Situational deviance depends on the time and place - an act may be deviant in one setting and not in another

63
Q

Reiner

A

Canteen culture

64
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobson

A

Self fulfilling prophecy

64
Q

Putnam

A

Social Capitol

65
Q

Runciman

A

Relative deprivation - someone feels deprived in relation to others or compared their own expectations

66
Q

Shaw and McKay

A

Concentric zones
Zone of transition
Social disorganisation
Cultural transmission theory

67
Q

Shearing and Stening

A

Public areas are controlled by companies who use the police to exclude the undesirables (cctv)

68
Q

Slapper and Tombs

A 
6 main types of corporate crime
Paperwork and non-compliance
Labour law violations 
Unfair trade practices 
Financial offences 
Manufacturing offences
Environmental 'green' crime
70
Q

Sutherland

A

Differential association - if you are friends with law breakers you are more likely to be one

70
Q

Snider

A

The capitalist stare is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten their profitability

72
Q

Sutherland and cressey

A

Differential association concept- more likely to commit crimes if you are around people that support lawbreaking

73
Q

Taylor

A

Fruit machine analogy
Looked at cases of suicide at a tube station
Factors that make dioxide more likely: a history of mental illness, social failure, no reason to be there etc

74
Q

Valier

A

Criticised Merton’s strain theory

We all have a variety of goals that we strive for at any one time

74
Q

Taylor Walton and Young

A

The only way to get rid of crime is to get rid of capitalism

75
Q

Wilkins

A

When acts are defined as deviant, the deviants are stigmatised and isolated from mainstream society

  • they become aware they are deviants so develop their own subculture
  • leads to further isolation and therefore deviance
76
Q

Wilson and Kelling

A

Right realist

Broken window theory

77
Q

Wilson and Herrnstein

A

Right realists
Biosocial theory of crime
Biological differences make some people more predisposed to crime - aggression, risk taking

78
Q

Young

A

Left realist
Not more crime but more people reporting crime - not true
Relative deprivation and individualism are a lethal combination that lead to crime
Laws have been created, often quickly and without forethought, in response to moral panics or political events, eg laws against terrorism

Sociology A2 (11 decks)

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