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Crime And Deviance Sociologists Flashcards

1
Q

Althusser

A

The law is an ideological state apparatus which makes sure it remains normal to have some that are obscenely wealthy and others that are obscenely poor

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2
Q

Atkinson

A

Suicide statistics are a reflection of the coroners assumptions
Coroners hold a ‘common sense’ theory for classifying deaths as a suicide - eg is there a note, mode of death etc

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3
Q

Baldwin and Bottoms

A

Tipping - an area which is usually law obeying which turns into a rough area

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4
Q

Becker

A 
Deviant career
Labelling
Master status
Moral entrepreneurs 
Moral crusade 
Delinquent boyswere less likely to be charged if they cooperated and acted like 'good' boys
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5
Q

Bennet, Dilulio and Walters

A

Right realist

Crime is the result of growing up around deviant and criminal adults

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6
Q

Akers

A

Criticised labelling theory
- saying deviants are perfectly normal until labelled
Must be a reason why labels are applied to some and not others

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6
Q

Bordieu

A

Cultural capital

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7
Q

Bowbly

A

Deviance is due to a child’s early socialisation - maternal deprivation in early years

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8
Q

Bowling and Philips

A

High levels of poverty and social exclusion could explain why there is a high level of robbery amongst black people

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9
Q

Box

A

The ruling class have the power to block laws that aren’t in their interest

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10
Q

Brantingham

A

Cognitive maps

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11
Q

Carlen

A

Women commit crimes because they have no power at work or in their families

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12
Q

Chambliss

A 
Laws that protect private property are the cornerstone of the capitalist economy 
The ruling class have the power to prevent the introduction of laws that threaten their interests
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13
Q

Clarke

A

Right realists
Rational choice theory

Opportunity consists of two elements:
How attractive the target is - how much can be gained
How accessible it is- how easy it is to commit the crime

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14
Q

Clinard

A

When crime/deviance occurs it sends a message to us that societies social order is breaking down.
This prompts governments to do something

Crime is a warning sign to show there is something wrong, eg stealing shows things are too expensive

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15
Q

Cloward and Ohlin

A

3 types of subcultures
Conflict
Criminal
Retreatist

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16
Q

Cohen - general

A

Deviance allows people to let of steam in a relatively harmless way

We have many institutions and ways of stopping crime -police are only one of the agencies that try to limit crime
More crimes are arising and more organisations are needed to control them
More invisible forms of control- curfews, CCTV ect
Status frustration

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17
Q

Cohen - state crime

A

Three ways dictators end human rights violations

  • it didn’t happen
  • if it did happen, it is something else
  • even if if is what you say it is, it’s justified
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18
Q

Cohen and Felson

A

Routine activity
- crimes are more likely to occur where day to day activities of victims and offenders cross and there is little chance of prevention of the crime

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19
Q

Davis

A

Crime and deviance can act as a safety valve - let of steam

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20
Q

Ditton and Mars

A

Many employees thought that it was a perk of the job and legitimate to steal from their workplace

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21
Q

Durkheim

A

Society shares a set of core values (collective conscience)
Crime allows social change to happen - forces society to think differently
Crime helps to maintain order - reaffirms the value consensus
Crime brings people together in their hatred of it

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22
Q

Durkheim suicide

A

Was the first to argue it was caused by social factors not individual personalities

Suicide rates varied between countries but overall were fairly stable
Suicide rates varied between groups

Definition: All causes of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative view of themselves, which they know will produce this result

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23
Q

Durkheim types of suicide

A

Egoistic- feels isolated from society and cut off
Altruistic- over integration of the individual into the social fold
Anomic- normally takes place when a big situation happens unexpectedly
Fatalistic - over regulation in society

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24
Farmington and West
Offenders are more likely to come from poor backgrounds
25
Felson
Right realist Crime needs 3 things - a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian Offenders act rationality - a guardian will deter them Informal guardians (community) more effective than formal ones Florid 1982- after hurricane Andrew patrols to stop looting
26
Foucault
We need to change the thinking habits of criminals | Talked about the panopticon prison
27
Gilroy
Black crime, particularly in the 1970s, was a form of political resistance against a repressive, racist state Denies that there was greater criminality amongst black people than white but the media created a folk devil of black people which generated deviance amplification
28
Croall
Defined white collar crime as crime committed in the course of legitimate employment, an abuse of an occupational role Often doctors will falsify prescriptions and patient records to claim more funding from the NHS. One GP made over £700000 in 5 years by doing this
29
Goffman
Dramatetgical analogy
30
Gordon
Capitalism causes class inequalities in wealth, income, poverty, unemployment and homelessness
31
Gouldner
Criticises labelling theory - fail to provide any real changes to the status quo - just criticise psychiatrist, police officers and doctors for their role in labelling
32
Hall and Chambliss
The criminal justice system only reflects the ruling class
33
Heidensohn
Women have more to lose if they deviate from the norms Women are controlled in their lives which prevents them from committing crimes The criminal justice system is male dominated Canteen culture
34
Henry and Millcanovic
Accepts the definition of street crime being committed by the poor rather than the damage that is done to the poor by powerful groups Ignores corporate crime
35
Herrnstein and Murray
Right realists | The main cause if crime is low intelligence which they see as biologically determined
36
Hirschi
Crime occurs when peoples attachment to society is broken 4 bonds that connect people to society - attachment - care about others wishes and opinions - commitment - what we have to lose - involvement - less time to commit crimes - jobs, family - belief - believe rules should not be broken
37
Hirschi and Gottfredson
Social bonds were not enough to suggest why some people commit crimes - opportunity also matters
38
Hobbs
Night time economy - entertainment industry at night - pubs, fights, clubs, nights in cells
39
Katz
Postmodernist | It is not a process of rejection that leads to crime, it is because it is thrilling
40
Kinsey, Lea and Young
Left realists Police clear up rates are too low to act as a deterrent to crime Police spend too little time investigating crime
41
Lea and Young
Left realists | 3 causes of crime - relative deprivation, subcultures, marginalisation
42
Lemert
Primary and secondary deviance
43
Kelman and Hamilton
Features that produce crimes of obedience - Authorisation - ordered by someone in a higher authority - Routinisation - crime becomes routine - can be done in a detached manor - Dehumanisation - enemy of the state portrayed as sub human
44
Lombrosso
Criminals had biological characteristics which were the outward signs of an inborn criminal nature
45
Lyng
Young males engage in edgework - going to the edge of acceptable behaviour
46
Maffesoli
Subcultural theories place too much emphasis on groups sharing values Subcultures are fluid flexible States of mind or lifestyle Deviant values are less important than values like consumption and individual identity
47
Maguire
Only around 3% of all crimes in England and Wales ends with a conviction As such we don't have reliable evidence about who is committing offences and therefore our image of offenders is heavily biased
48
Mannheim
``` The law protects private property and therefore protects the wealth and profit of the rich/ruling class Criminal law is an alliance between corporate business and the state ```
49
Matza
Techniques of neutralisation | - subterranean values
50
McLaughlin
4 categories of state crime - Political crimes - corruption/censorship - Crimes by security/police forces - genocide, torture - Economic crimes - - Social and cultural crimes - racism
51
McRobbie and Thornton
Moral panics are outdated
52
Merton
Strain theory - there was a strain or conflict between the cultural goals of American society and the opportunities or means to achieve these goals in the social structure American Dream fake 5 responses to this - conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
54
Messerschmidt
Rejects biological theory - men are biologically/genetically more violent Rejects sex role theory - men/woman taught gender roles as children Masculinity is shaped by social class, age, ethnicity and sexual orientation Hegemonic masculinity - the ideal way of being a man Subordinate masculinity- any other way of being a man Criminal behaviour is a way of asserting masculinity when other ways are unavailable
55
Miller
Folkal concerns - lower class have their own values which encourage them to break the law
55
Moore
The police play a very significant part in the social construction of crime and deviance because it is they who record reported crime
57
Moore, Aiken and Chapman
See the police as filters, only recording some of the crimes reported to them
57
Morris
Found no evidence of people living in certain areas holding a different set of values
58
Murray
There is an underclass who: Have no desire for employment Have a string of short term partners Bear children outside of serious relationships This creates generations who don't care about the values of society
60
Murray - realism
Right realist | Crime is rising due to the growth of an underclass
61
Park and Burgess
Explain crime by suggesting that it is linked to the environment, making a comparison to 'plant communities' they highlighted how some gardens get invaded by weeds - this was linked to the idea that certain types of areas in society are likely to experience high levels of crime
62
Plummer
Societal deviance is what the dominant ideology of society considers wrong Situational deviance depends on the time and place - an act may be deviant in one setting and not in another
63
Reiner
Canteen culture
64
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Self fulfilling prophecy
64
Putnam
Social Capitol
65
Runciman
Relative deprivation - someone feels deprived in relation to others or compared their own expectations
66
Shaw and McKay
Concentric zones Zone of transition Social disorganisation Cultural transmission theory
67
Shearing and Stening
Public areas are controlled by companies who use the police to exclude the undesirables (cctv)
68
Slapper and Tombs
``` 6 main types of corporate crime Paperwork and non-compliance Labour law violations Unfair trade practices Financial offences Manufacturing offences Environmental 'green' crime ```
70
Sutherland
Differential association - if you are friends with law breakers you are more likely to be one
70
Snider
The capitalist stare is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten their profitability
72
Sutherland and cressey
Differential association concept- more likely to commit crimes if you are around people that support lawbreaking
73
Taylor
Fruit machine analogy Looked at cases of suicide at a tube station Factors that make dioxide more likely: a history of mental illness, social failure, no reason to be there etc
74
Valier
Criticised Merton's strain theory | We all have a variety of goals that we strive for at any one time
74
Taylor Walton and Young
The only way to get rid of crime is to get rid of capitalism
75
Wilkins
When acts are defined as deviant, the deviants are stigmatised and isolated from mainstream society - they become aware they are deviants so develop their own subculture - leads to further isolation and therefore deviance
76
Wilson and Kelling
Right realist | Broken window theory
77
Wilson and Herrnstein
Right realists Biosocial theory of crime Biological differences make some people more predisposed to crime - aggression, risk taking
78
Young
Left realist Not more crime but more people reporting crime - not true Relative deprivation and individualism are a lethal combination that lead to crime Laws have been created, often quickly and without forethought, in response to moral panics or political events, eg laws against terrorism

Sociology A2 (11 decks)

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