MARTIAL ARTS IN INDIA Flashcards
Pari-khanda
(Bihar)
Its elements are absorbed into the Chhau dance, which relies on its steps and techniques.
The Rajputs created it using a shield (Pari) and a Sword (Khanda).
Thoda
(Himachal
Pradesh)
The name “Thoda” is derived from the round wooden piece attached to an arrow’s head to
minimise its lethal potential. It combines martial arts, sports, and culture to invoke the
blessings of Goddesses Mashoo and Durga during Baisakhi.
z Two groups of around 500 people participate, called Pashis and Saathis, believed to be
descendants of the Pandavas and Kauravas.
z The game is played on a marked court, and archers aim for the leg below the knee to
score points
Kalaripayattu
(Kerala)
The martial art is practised in the training hall or gymnasium known as Kalari. According to
legends, it was introduced by sage Parasurama. It includes unarmed and armed combat
with a strong emphasis on footwork. Women and men practise it. [UPSC 2014]
Important terms
Uzhichil: a Gingli oil massage; Otta: a stick with an ‘S’ shape used in combat; Maipayattu:
Body exercises; Puliyankam: Sword fighting; Verumkai: Bare-handed combat; AngaThari:
Utilizing metal weapons and Kolthari sticks.
Mardani Khel
(Maharashtra)
It emphasises weaponry skills, especially swords, swift movements, and low stances suitable
for hill ranges. Notable for using the unique Indian Pata (sword) and Vita (corded lance). It
was used effectively by Shivaji against the Mughals.
Thang-ta and
Sarit Sarak
(Manipur)
Thang-ta is an armed martial art using a sword (Thang) and a spear (Ta). It involves
ritualistic practices and uses practical techniques for combat. [UPSC 2014]
Thang-Ta was popularized in Manipur during the 17th century when the state was ruled by
the Meitei kingdom who used it effectively against the British. Thus, it was banned during
British rule but resurfaced after independence.
Sarit Sarak: It is an unarmed combat art known for its offensive and evasive actions. The
two components Thang-Ta and Sarit Sarak, are together called Huyen Langlon.
Cheibi Gad-ga
(Manipur)
It is one of Manipur’s ancient martial arts involving sword and shield fighting. Its modified
versions use a soft-leaf stick (Cheibi) encased as a sword and a leather shield. The contest
occurs in a circle on a flat surface.
Inbuan Wrestling
(Mizoram)
It is a native martial art dating back to 1750 AD in Dungtlang village. It has strict rules which
include staying within the circle, no kicking, and no knee bending. Victory involves lifting
the opponent off their feet and catching the opponent’s belt.
Gatka
(Punjab)
The name “Gatka” is associated with freedom and grace and may have roots in the Sanskrit
word “Gadha,” meaning mace. It is a weapon-based martial art practised by the Sikhs in
Gatka. It involves using weapons like stick, Kirpan, Talwar, and Kataar.
Silambam
(Tamilnadu)
References to trading silambam staves, pearls, swords, and armour to foreign traders are found
in the Silappadikaram. It is of divine origin, with Lord Murugan (in Tamil mythology) and
sage Agastya having created Silambam. It evolved from a pure defence art into a combat
exercise. The art also spread to Malaysia, where it’s a well-known sport and self-defence method.
Kuttu Varisai
(Tamil Nadu)
It was first mentioned in Sangam literature.
z It is empty-hand Silambam, focussing on athleticism, footwork, stretching, yoga, gymnastics,
and breathing exercises.
z Techniques include grappling, striking, and locking, with animal-based sets such as
snake, eagle, tiger, elephant, and monkey.
Musti Yuddha
(Uttar Pradesh)
Originating in Varanasi, it is an unarmed martial art resembling boxing, including
kicks, punches, and knee and elbow strikes. It incorporates physical, mental, and spiritual
development.
