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ENVI SCI FINALS > Marine Ecosystem > Flashcards

Marine Ecosystem Flashcards

1
Q

It is a type of ecosystem that is composed of salty water that covers most of the earth’s surface. That type of water is also called as ocean or marine water.

It is among the largest of earth’s systems.

It is the most prevalent type of system that possess high amount of salt content.

A

Marine Ecosystem

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2
Q

It is a large body of salt water that covers approximately almost 71% or earth’s water.

A

Ocean

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3
Q

Ocean of the world

A

Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Southern Ocean

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4
Q

Ocean of the world

A

Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Southern Ocean

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5
Q

The deepest ocean in the world .

A

Pacific ocean

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6
Q

The deepest point of the ocean .

A

Mariana trench

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7
Q

Intertidal zone organisms

A

Sea stars, Mussels, Crabs, Clams, Krill, Snails, Seaweeds, Algae, and etc.

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8
Q

Neritic zone organisms

A

Sea anemones, Shrimp, Lobster, Jellyfish, Oysters, Sponges, Zooplankton, Crabs, Kelp forest, Plankton, Coral reef plants, Algae, and etc.

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9
Q

Oceanic zone organisms

A

Fish, Whales, Sharks, Dolphins, Jellyfish, Tunas, Corals, Seaweeds, Algae, Phytoplankton, and etc.

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10
Q

Photic zone organisms

A

Fishes, Marine mammals, Worms, Sea stars, Reptiles, Whale, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Cyanobacteria, Coccolithophorids, Cryptomonads, and etc.

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11
Q

Aphotic zone organisms

A

Giant squid, Jellyfishes, Eel, Algae, Anemones, Anglerfish, Copepods, Mussels, Lantern fish, Crustaceans, Ctenophores, Dinoflagellates, Fangtooth, segmented worms, and etc.

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12
Q

Benthic zone organisms

A

Green algae, Brown algae, Red algae, Crabs, Sea stars, Worms, Corals, Snails, Demersal fish, Pelagic fish, Epifauna, Bivalves, and etc.

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13
Q

often deposit feeders, obtaining nutrition from ingesting biota, organic and inorganic particles from the sediment surface or within the sediments.

( Bottom part of the ocean – crawling, burrowing, or sessile. )

A

Benthic

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14
Q

a plant or animal that inhabits the open sea and the surface of a lake, sea, or ocean.

( Living in the water – swimming or drifting )

A

Pelagic

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15
Q

– cannot swim against ocean currents.

A

Plankton

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16
Q

– can swim against ocean current.

A

Nekton

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17
Q

Organism cannot swim against ocean current; therefore, ocean carries them. They float in the water.

A

Plankton

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18
Q

that uses sunlight for photosynthesis tin order to make planktonic foods.

A

Phytoplankton or also known as microalgae ( plant-like )

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19
Q

are the small aquatic animals who are weak swimmer.

A

Zooplankton or also known as microplankton ( animal-like )

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20
Q

Photosynthetic

Creates most of the earth’s oxygen and they are one of the organisms who remove carbon dioxide from the air.

Must stay on photic zone to survive because planktons are sinking, phobic zone is great place to access sunlight.

Common name: Algae

A

Phytoplankton

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21
Q

Several types of phytoplankton

A

Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Cyanobacteria

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22
Q

Single-celled algae

Have intricate glass shells

Form chains to increase surface area

are responsible for 20% of global carbon fixation and 40% of marine primary productivity.

Only organism that has transparent cell wall.

A

Diatoms

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23
Q

Have 2 flagella or the organelle that are responsible for motility of cell or bacteria.

The 2 flagella are: one wraps around the middle , and other is at the tip.

Cause red tide because of the over population of their species, and they release red plastids.

A

Dinoflagellates

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24
Q

Also called blue-green algae.

Stromatolites ( clumps of cyanobacteria )

Some are several million years old.

Can be found in all types of water, therefore, it can be found all over the world.

They are responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans.

A

Cynobacteria

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25
Q

Unicellular or organisms that only have one cell.

One-celled plant-like organisms.

They produce small calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scales (coccoliths) which cover the cell surface in the form of a spherical coating, called coccosphere.

Organisms that are responsible in marine carbon cycle by precipitating many carbons into carbonate.

A

Cocolithophores

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26
Q

Also called as desmids.

Freshwater photosynthesisers are closely related to green seaweeds.

A group of green algae in which their cell wall is composed of cellulose and pectins (like that of plants) , and their chloroplasts are green.

One of the important food source for many invertebrates.

A

Desmidiales

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27
Q

are small, aquatic microorganisms in the water column that include crustaceans, rotifers, open water insect larvae and aquatic mites.

They are heterotrophic plankton.

Eat other organisms.

Can be very tiny and quite large

A

Zooplankton

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28
Q

Types of zooplankton

A

Copepods
Krill
Ctenophores
Jellyfish
Larvae of benthic organisms
Radiolarians
Foraminiferans

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29
Q

A very small organisms that is around 1 mm.

They are like cows of the sea, eating the phytoplankton and converting the sun’s energy into food for higher trophic levels in the food web.

They are occurring in all oceans, seas, estuaries, rivers and lakes.

They are one of the species who provide foods for many species of fish.

A

Copepods

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30
Q

It is the common name for any member of the crustacean order Euphausiacea. They are in the same class of animal as crabs, lobsters and crayfish, as well as shrimp and woodlice.

They grow up to about 6cm in length and can live for up to 5 years.

They provide food for both surface and deeper-sea predators. This makes them an important food source throughout the ocean ecosystem.

A

Krill

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31
Q

Also known as comb jellies, sea gooseberries, sea walnuts, or Venus’s girdles, are voracious predators.

Oval-shaped animal with eight rows of tiny comb-like plates that it beats to move itself through the water.

It is a marine invertebrate that swims by beating rows of cilia that resemble combs.

A

Ctenophores

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32
Q

are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles.

are the oldest multi-organ animal.

are the largest example of holoplankton.

A

Jellyfish

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33
Q

Larvae of benthic organisms

A

Sea cucumber larvae
Starfish larvae
Snail larvae
Worm larvae
Crab larvae
Sea urchin larvae

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34
Q

are small protozoan species that are characterized by the production of mineral skeletons made of silica.

Single-celled protists that dwell in open-ocean locations.

They provide ammonium and carbon dioxide for the dinoflagellate symbionts.

An important food source for a number of organisms in their environment.

A

Radiolarians

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35
Q

A type of amoeboid protest that exhibit an external shell and ectoplasm used to obtain food.

Their shell is typically comprised of calcium carbonate, the shells of some species contain other minerals.

They are single-celled organisms (protists) with shells or tests (a technical term for internal shells).

A

Foraminiferans

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36
Q

are living organisms that are able to swim and move independently of currents.

They are heterotrophic and have a large size range, with familiar examples such as fish, squid, octopus, sharks, and marine mammals.

Most of them are chordates, animals with bones or cartilage.

A

Nektons

37
Q

Marine Ecosystem

A

Rocky intertidal
Estuary
Coral reefs
Open ocean
Deep sea
Hydrothermal vent
Kelp forests
Seagrass meadows
Polar

38
Q

Fluctuate between being underwater and being exposed to the sun and wind.

Highly variable temperatures and salinity.

Constantly battered by waves.

It is submerged with water during high tide and exposed to the air during low tide.

It is among the most physically harsh environments on earth.

A

Rocky intertidal ecosystem

39
Q

What are the organisms in rocky intertidal zone?

A

Sea stars
Snails
Seaweeds
Algae
Crabs

40
Q

How do organisms survive in rocky intertidal ecosystem?

A

By binding themselves into the rock.
Seal in moisture.
By migrating to the water during low tide to avoid land predators.
By using their ability to protect their body such as shell

41
Q

Where the rivers meet the sea.

High variable salinity or the concentrations of salts in water or soils.

Is a dynamic ecosystems that have some of the highest biotic diversity and levels of production in the world.

A

Estuary Ecosystem

42
Q

is a costal area or transitional zone where fresh water and streams mixes with the salt water from the ocean.

A

Estuary

43
Q

What are the organisms in estuary ecosystem?

A

Fishes
Shellfish
Migratory birds
Lobsters
Marine worms
Seagrasses
Algae
Phytoplankton

44
Q

How do organisms survive in estuary ecosystem?

A

Organisms living in estuaries must be able to respond quickly to drastic changes in salinity.

The organisms, especially the animals could use different things like marine plants, soil, or rocks to survive from predators.

45
Q

are coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides.

A

Salt marsh ( temperate zone )

46
Q

are salt-tolerant trees that are productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones.

A

Mangrove forest (tropics)

47
Q

are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world.

Located in warm, clear shallow water.

Multiple phyla represented ( sponges, molluscs, arthropods, and vertebrates or fishes.

It provides habitat for a large variety of marine life, including various sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, sea urchins, and many species of fish.

They serve as a center of activity for marine life.

Not all corals on the reef are stony corals.

A

Coral reef ecosystem

48
Q

( fire corals )

A

Hydrocorals

49
Q

( soft corals )

A

Octocorals

50
Q

( black corals )

A

Antipatharians

51
Q

What are the organisms in coral reef ecosystem?

A

Sponges
Oysters
Clams
Crabs
Sea stars
Sea urchins
Fishes

52
Q

How do organisms survive in coral reef ecosystem?

A

Fish and other animals can hide from larger predators, like sharks, because they have small, flat bodies.

Coral reefs provide shelter, spawning grounds, and protection from predators.

53
Q

Same phylum as anemones and jellyfish

are made of aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate.

They are invertebrate animals belonging to a large group of colourful and fascinating animals called Cnidaria.

Their species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.

Contain photosynthetic algae.

Zooxanthellae

A

coral

54
Q

Unicellular photosynthetic organism with a spherical shape that lives inside corals.

Photosynthetic pigments give color to corals.

They help the coral to survive by providing it with food resulting from photosynthesis, wherein the photosynthesis gives sugar to the corals.

A

Zooxanthellae

55
Q

When the reef is under stress from high temperatures, pollution, or other threats,
If the temperature stays high, the coral won’t let the algae back, and the coral will die.

A

Coral bleaching

56
Q

the zooxanthellae abandon their coral hosts in a process called

A

“bleaching.”

57
Q

Also known as pelagic zone.

It is the area of the ocean outside of coastal areas.

Habitat for some of the biggest marine life species.

Open ocean produces over half of the world’s oxygen and absorbs 50 times more carbon dioxide than our atmosphere.

More than 99 percent of Earth’s inhabitable space is in the open ocean.

A

Open ocean ecosystem

58
Q

What are the organisms in open ocean ecosystem?

A

Whales
Dolphins
Billfishes
Tunas
Jellyfishes
Sharks
Fiches

59
Q

How do organisms survive in open ocean ecosystem?

A

By adapting to the environment, therefore, many types of animals or organisms are already evolved in terms of survival skills.

Marine animals or organisms have competition for food and survival.

Animals with the same species works together for security of each one of them.

60
Q

Open ocean divided in the 3 zone namely:

A

Euphotic zone ( epipelagic )
Bathyal zone
Abyssal zone

61
Q

Brightly lit surface, nutrients level is low, dissolved oxygen is high, photosynthesis is accessible, and depth of 1 to 200 meters.

A

Euphotic zone ( epipelagic )

62
Q

Dimly lit middle layer or ocean, less photosynthesis, and depth of between 200 and 2,000 m (660 and 6,600 feet) below the surface.

A

Bathyal zone

63
Q

Dark bottom layer of the ocean, very cold, high pressure, and depth of 2,000 to 6,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet).

A

Abyssal zone

64
Q

It is the largest habitat on earth.

Independent of energy from sunlight and photosynthetic organisms.

Below the photic zone ( 1000m in open ocean ).

Extreme pressure (2,000 meters equals about 200 times the atmospheric pressure at sea level).

It is a predominantly dark and cold environment with much lower productivity than shallower ones.

Depth of 1000 fathoms (1800 m) or more.

Coldest layer of the ocean ( usually around 1 – 2 ᵒ C ).

Few organisms.

A

Deep ocean ecosystem

65
Q

Some make their own light, an ability called bioluminescence, while others are totally blind.

This is often used by animals everywhere for camouflage and protection from predators.

Bioluminescence to attract mates, lure preys, confuse predator or prey, and burglar alarms.

The black animals absorb all colors of light available and the red animals appear black as well since there is no red light to reflect and their bodies absorb all other available wavelengths of light.

Huge mouth to eat different size preys.

A

Adaptation

66
Q

What are the organisms in deep ocean ecosystem?

A

Sea-devil Anglerfish
Pelican Eel
Deep-sea Jellyfish Benthocodon
Goblin Shark
Deep-sea Octopus
Deep-sea Dragonfish
Zombie Worms
Barreleye Fish

67
Q

How do organisms survive in ocean deep ecosystem?

A

Some animals are maintaining their small size to avoid being a prey.

By adapting to different factors of the environment such as pressure, temperature, and surroundings.

Competition for survival such as food and shelter.

Adapting to the available resources for foods.

Some organisms uses the darkness to survive.

68
Q

are like geysers, or hot springs on the ocean floor.

It acts as natural plumbing systems that transport heat and chemicals from the interior of the Earth and that help regulate global ocean chemistry.

They usually occur on divergent plate boundaries ( the tectonic plates are moving apart ).

Discovered in 1977.

The community only basing their food on sulfides, the chemical released by the vent for the plankton since there is no sunlight in the deep ocean, even though the sulfide only contains limited nutrients.

A

Hydrothermal vent ecosystem

69
Q

What are the organisms in hydrothermal vent ecosystem?

A

Tubeworms
Crabs
Mussels
Zoarcid fishes
Octopus
Bacteria
Archaea

70
Q

How life works at hydrothermal vent?

A

The minerals from the gas of the vent serve as food resource of the organisms in the community.

The bacteria and archaea use a process called chemosynthesis to convert minerals and other chemicals in the water into energy.

The bacteria also metabolize hydrogen sulfide into sugar the same way photosynthetic organisms use sunlight.

Chemosynthetic bacteria are the primary producers and form the base of vent food webs ( like zooxanthellae in corals ). It gives the food for the worms and other organisms

71
Q

are underwater ecosystems formed in shallow water by the dense growth of several different species known as kelps.

It grows sea weeds which is the primary producer for the organisms in kelp forest ecosystem.

It is one of the most dynamic ecosystems on Earth.

It has a greater variety and higher density of plants and animals than almost any other ocean community.

A

Kelp Forest Ecosystem

72
Q

What are the organisms in kelp forest ecosystem?

A

Bristle worms
Scuds
Prawns
Snails
Brittle stars
Fishes
Marine mammals
Birds
Sea lions

73
Q

How do organisms survive in kelp forest ecosystem?

A

The organisms uses the kelp plants as their shelter or protection from predators, and also they uses it as their food.

By adapting in water temperature, structure, characteristics, and behavior.

Competition for survival is also present on this ecosystem.

74
Q

It is recognized as one of the most productive ecosystems in the coastal zone.

It often occur in heterogeneous environments, where environmental variability is arranged along clearly perceived gradients, such as salinity and turbidity in estuaries, depth along slopes, or gradients of exposure.

They occupy about 177 000 km2 along the coasts almost of the continents, and extend from the intertidal zone down to depths in excess of 40 m.

A

Seagrass meadow ecosystem

75
Q

What are the organisms in seagrass meadow ecosystem?

A

Fishes

Octopuses

Sea turtles

Shrimps

Blue crabs

Oysters

Sponges

Sea urchins

Anemones

Clams

Squids

Sea cows

76
Q

How do organisms survive in seagrass meadow ecosystem?

A

The animals uses the seagrass as their shelter and food.

Some organism uses the seagrass or the sand to hide themselves from the predators.

Some seagrass are exposed during low tides, therefore, the organisms who live in the seagrass are migrating to the water to avoid the land predators.

77
Q

It is generally called tundra.

It is an environment is located in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, wherein the community is surrounded by ice, snow, and cold water.

It has a unique, complex food web that is fashioned by its distinctive plankton, animal species, and environmental factors.

The climate is long cold winters, with annual temperatures mostly below freezing.

A

Polar ecosystem

78
Q

What are the organisms in polar ecosystem?

A

Penguins
Whales
Pacific Salmons
Seals
Walrus
Harp
Narwhals

79
Q

Why marine ecosystem is important?

A

It provide services including food security, feed for livestock , raw materials for medicines, building materials from coral rock and sand, and natural defenses against hazards such as coastal erosion and inundation.

It serves as breeding territories for many marine animals, because it is easy for young-lings to survive there, since there are no known predators that live in that region.

The ocean provides a unique set of goods and services to society, including moderation of climate, processing of waste and toxicants, provision of vital food, medicines and employment for significant numbers of people.

The ocean produces over half of the world’s oxygen and absorbs 50 times more carbon dioxide than our atmosphere.

80
Q

Ways on how to protect marine ecosystem (National Geographic, 2010 ):

A

Mind Your Carbon Footprint and Reduce Energy Consumption.

Make Safe, Sustainable Seafood Choices.

Use Fewer Plastic Products.

Help Take Care of the Beach.

Don’t Purchase Items That Exploit Marine Life.

Be an Ocean-Friendly Pet Owner.

Support Organizations Working to Protect the Ocean.

Influence Change in Your Community.

Travel the Ocean Responsibly.

Educate Yourself About Oceans and Marine Life.

81
Q

Closest to sea Shore.

Low and high tides.

A

Intertidal zone

82
Q

Shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off.

Lot of nutrients and animals live there.

A

Neritic zone

83
Q

Extended are beyond the continental shelf.

A

Oceanic zone

84
Q

Extended are beyond the continental shelf.

A

Oceanic zone

85
Q

Also called as sunlight layer.

200 meters depth of the water, can access enough sunlight for photosynthesis.

A

Photic zone

86
Q

Part of ocean that has less or no sunlight.

A

Aphotic zone

87
Q

Ocean floor

Lowest part of ocean, low temperature and high pressure.

A

Benthic zone

88
Q

Ocean Zones

A

Intertidal
Neritic
Oceanic
Photic
Aphotic
Benthic

ENVI SCI FINALS (7 decks)

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