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Mare BSE Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the inter-ovulatory interval in Horses? parts?

A
  • T
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2
Q

What is the Winter Anestrus Phase in mares?

A
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3
Q

What happens during Spring Transition

A
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4
Q

What happens during Fall Transition

A
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5
Q

Why would a BSE be done on a mare? When should it be done?

A
  • Indications:
    • Routine examinatino to determine readiness for breeding
    • ID cause of subfertility/infertility
    • Assist in determining future ability for breeding
    • After pregnancy loss
    • Pre-purchase or insurance examination
  • When:
    • non-pregnant mare
    • Estrus: ⇡ uterine defense
    • Diestrus: cervical funtion
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6
Q

What are all the parts of a routine mare BSE?

A
  • Mare ID
  • History (General Health and Reproductive)
  • Physical Exam
  • Rectal Palpation
  • Transrectal Ultrasound
  • Vaginal Examination
  • Uterine Culture
  • Uterine Cytology
  • Uterine Bipsy
  • Special Testing:
    • Hysteroscopy
    • Hormonal tests
    • Scintigraphy
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7
Q

What are the different parts of mare reproductive history?

A
  • Age
  • maiden?
  • Foal in recent years
    • or has it been several years
  • How many foals? when was most recent?
  • Barren: bred but never pregnant
  • History of twins
  • History of placentitis
  • History of vaginal discharge
  • When was last estrus
  • Does she show estrous behavior
  • How is the mare bred:
    • Live cover
    • AI (fresh cooled or frozen)
    • Embryo transfer
  • Fertility of the stallion who provided semen?
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8
Q

What are the anatomic barriers to Uterine COntamination

A
  • Vulva
  • Transverse fold
  • Cervix
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9
Q

What are some conformation problems of the reproductive tract of the mare?

A
  • Poor vulval conformation
  • Wind sucking
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10
Q

What is Transrectal Ultrasound

A
  • Linear-array transducer: 5-7.5 MHz
  • Transducer parallel to the long axis of the mare
    • cervix and uterine body imaged longitudinally
    • Uterine horns imaged in cross section
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11
Q

How is edema seen on transrectal scored?

A
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12
Q

What is vaginoscopy? What pathologic changes can be observed?

A
  • Visual inspection of vestibule, vagina and cervix
  • Pathologic changes
    • Inflammatory exudate
    • pneumovagina
    • Urine pooling
    • Varicose veins
    • Vaginal and cervical lacerations
    • Adhesions
    • Persistent hymen
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13
Q

What are the goals of uterine culture? When? How?

A
  • Normal flora within the uterus
  • Clitoris and vagina have normal flora that can be a source of pathogenic bacteria and fungi
  • Goals:
    • Detect microorganisms
    • ID pathogens
    • Determine antimicrobial sensitivity
  • Ideally collect during estrus
    • relaxed cervix
    • increased uterine contractions
    • increased uterine secretions
  • Guarded swabs
  • Low volume lavage
  • uterine Biopsy
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14
Q

What are the pathogens commonly found on Uterine Culture?

A
  • Common Pathogens of Endometritis:
    • Streptococcus zooepidemicus
    • E. coli
  • Venereal Pathogens
    • Klebsiella pneumonia
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
  • Common Fungi:
    • Candida albicans
    • Aspergillus
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15
Q

why perform Uterine cytology?

A
  • Uterine culture w/out cytology is worthless
  • Methods of prepping slides:
    • Rolling culture swab onto sterile microscope slides = Distorts cells
    • Tapping cap of kalayjian culture rod onto slides
    • Pellet form low volume lavage
    • separate cytobrush from culture swab
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16
Q

What cells are seen on uterine cytology? why?

A
  • Squamous cells - sampling from cervix or vagina, or urine pooling
  • Neutrophils - endometritis, post-mating, uterine lavage or infusion, post-partum, blood contamination following collection process
  • Macrophages - chronic endometritis
  • Lymphocytes - chronic endometritis or lymphatic stais
  • Eosinophils - pneumometra or urometra
  • RBCs: post-partum, severe acute endometritis, traumatic sampling
  • Calcium carbonate crystals - urometra
17
Q

How is uterine cytology interpreted ?

18
Q

How are uterine culture and cytology interpreted together?

A
  • Not all bacteria cause an inflammatory response!
    • E. coli
    • Isolation of this bacteria w/out presence of neutrophils should be considered significant
19
Q

Why is Uterine biopsy done? What changes does it detect?

A
  • Prognosis for fertility
  • Assess for inflammation/infection in the deeper tissue
  • Assess endometrial function
  • Pathological changes:
    • Glandular degeneration
      • periglandular fibrosis and nesting
      • Dilated glands and atrophy of the glands
    • Lymphatic lacunae
      • dilated lymphatic vessels due to impaired lymphatic drainage
    • Inflammatory cell infiltration
      • Neutrophils - acute endometritis
      • Lymphocytes and plasma cells - chronic endometritis

Theriogenology (29 decks)

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