Mare BSE Flashcards
How long is the inter-ovulatory interval in Horses? parts?
- T
What is the Winter Anestrus Phase in mares?
What happens during Spring Transition
What happens during Fall Transition
Why would a BSE be done on a mare? When should it be done?
- Indications:
- Routine examinatino to determine readiness for breeding
- ID cause of subfertility/infertility
- Assist in determining future ability for breeding
- After pregnancy loss
- Pre-purchase or insurance examination
- When:
- non-pregnant mare
- Estrus: ⇡ uterine defense
- Diestrus: cervical funtion
What are all the parts of a routine mare BSE?
- Mare ID
- History (General Health and Reproductive)
- Physical Exam
- Rectal Palpation
- Transrectal Ultrasound
- Vaginal Examination
- Uterine Culture
- Uterine Cytology
- Uterine Bipsy
- Special Testing:
- Hysteroscopy
- Hormonal tests
- Scintigraphy
What are the different parts of mare reproductive history?
- Age
- maiden?
- Foal in recent years
- or has it been several years
- How many foals? when was most recent?
- Barren: bred but never pregnant
- History of twins
- History of placentitis
- History of vaginal discharge
- When was last estrus
- Does she show estrous behavior
- How is the mare bred:
- Live cover
- AI (fresh cooled or frozen)
- Embryo transfer
- Fertility of the stallion who provided semen?
What are the anatomic barriers to Uterine COntamination
- Vulva
- Transverse fold
- Cervix
What are some conformation problems of the reproductive tract of the mare?
- Poor vulval conformation
- Wind sucking
What is Transrectal Ultrasound
- Linear-array transducer: 5-7.5 MHz
- Transducer parallel to the long axis of the mare
- cervix and uterine body imaged longitudinally
- Uterine horns imaged in cross section
How is edema seen on transrectal scored?
What is vaginoscopy? What pathologic changes can be observed?
- Visual inspection of vestibule, vagina and cervix
- Pathologic changes
- Inflammatory exudate
- pneumovagina
- Urine pooling
- Varicose veins
- Vaginal and cervical lacerations
- Adhesions
- Persistent hymen
What are the goals of uterine culture? When? How?
- Normal flora within the uterus
- Clitoris and vagina have normal flora that can be a source of pathogenic bacteria and fungi
- Goals:
- Detect microorganisms
- ID pathogens
- Determine antimicrobial sensitivity
- Ideally collect during estrus
- relaxed cervix
- increased uterine contractions
- increased uterine secretions
- Guarded swabs
- Low volume lavage
- uterine Biopsy
What are the pathogens commonly found on Uterine Culture?
- Common Pathogens of Endometritis:
- Streptococcus zooepidemicus
- E. coli
- Venereal Pathogens
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
- Common Fungi:
- Candida albicans
- Aspergillus
why perform Uterine cytology?
- Uterine culture w/out cytology is worthless
- Methods of prepping slides:
- Rolling culture swab onto sterile microscope slides = Distorts cells
- Tapping cap of kalayjian culture rod onto slides
- Pellet form low volume lavage
- separate cytobrush from culture swab
How is uterine cytology interpreted ?
How are uterine culture and cytology interpreted together?
- Not all bacteria cause an inflammatory response!
- E. coli
- Isolation of this bacteria w/out presence of neutrophils should be considered significant
Why is Uterine biopsy done? What changes does it detect?
- Prognosis for fertility
- Assess for inflammation/infection in the deeper tissue
- Assess endometrial function
- Pathological changes:
- Glandular degeneration
- periglandular fibrosis and nesting
- Dilated glands and atrophy of the glands
- Lymphatic lacunae
- dilated lymphatic vessels due to impaired lymphatic drainage
- Inflammatory cell infiltration
- Neutrophils - acute endometritis
- Lymphocytes and plasma cells - chronic endometritis
- Glandular degeneration
