male Canine Flashcards
1
Q
what is part of a male dogs BSE?
A
- General Physical
- joint disease
- back pain
- neurological disease
- Penis/Prepuce
- persistent frenulum
- vesicular, prolifertive inflammatory lesions
- trauma
- swelling
- abrasions
- penile tumors
- lacerations
- Palpation of the scrutum and scrotum contents
- Two testes by 3-10 days
- palpable by 5-8 wks
- >6 months = cryptorchid
- Palpation of the prostate
- Semen evaluation:
- color - milk-white
- yellow = urine contamination or purulent exudate
- red/borwn = fresh/hemolyzed blood
- Volume -
- pH 6.5-7.0
- Motility
- Concentration
- morphology
- Cytology
- Longevity
- color - milk-white
2
Q
What are the qualities of a satisfactory breeder?
A
- Normal libido and gait
- 2 scrotal testes
- No scrotal, penile, or prostatic abnormalities
- Free of Brucell canis
- ≥ 70% progressively motile sperm
- ≥80% morphologically normal sperm
- ≥300x106 total sperm
- OR ≥106sperm/lb body weight
3
Q
What is azoospermia?
A
- Failure of the testes to prouce sperm
- Failure of sperm to exit the testes due to epididymal blockage
- Incomplete ejaculation
- During ejaculation alkaline phosphatase secreted by the epididymis
- >5,000 IU/L indicates fluid from epididymis was collected but no sperm
- tru azoospermia
- <5,000 IU/L suggest epididymal blockage or ejaculation failure
- repeat semen collection
- allow natural mating and swab vagina for evidence of sperm
- cystocentesis to rule-out retrograde ejaclation
- >5,000 IU/L indicates fluid from epididymis was collected but no sperm
4
Q
What does a normal culture and cytology of semen contain?
A
- Resident flora:
- Staph spp
- Strep spp
- E. coli
- Proteus mirabilis Klebsiella pneumonia
- Hemphilus pp
- Corynebacterium spp
- moraxella spp
- Cytology:
- ≤6 WBC/hpg
- Can see clinical significant growth of pathogenic bacteria w/ normal cytology
5
Q
What is a prostate evaluation?
A
- Only accessory sex gland in dogs
- Bilobed, symmetric, non-painful, uniform consistency
- Brim of the pelvis at the neck of the bladder
- Retroperitoneal
- Abdominal in larger dogs or prostatomegaly
- Prostatomegaly ⇢ cranial displacement of the bladder
- Digital palpation
- location changes slightly with size and age
- Subclinical prostatic disease without palbacle changes
- Transabdominal US
6
Q
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
A
- Generalized enlargement of the prostate gland
- increase in epithelial cell size (hypertrophy)
- increase in epithelial cell number (hyperplasia)
- 50% of intact males have histologic evidence of BPH by 5yrs old
- part of the normal aging process
- not all exhibit clinical signs
- balanced by apoptosis
- Affects nearly every intact male dog
- mean age at time of diagnosis = 8yr
- Estrogen mediated:
- increasing the number of androgen receptors within the prostate
- Testosterone is converted to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5a-reductase
- DHT - active metabolite regulating prostatic growth and secretion
7
Q
What are the clinical signs of BPH?
A
- Asymptomatic
- Tenesmus
- Urethral discharge
- serous or hemorrhagic
- Hematuria
- Hemospermia
- Constipation
- Dysuria
- Stranguria
8
Q
How is BPH diagnosed
A
- Hx
- Physical exam:
- mild to moderate, symmetric, non-painful prostatomegaly
- smooth contour and freely moveable
- mild to moderate, symmetric, non-painful prostatomegaly
- CBC/Chem - unremarkable
- US - symmetric prostatomegaly with variable echogenicity
- Abdominal radiographs
- prostatomegaly
- diameter >70% of the distance form the pubic brim to the sacrum
- Width > 50% pelvic inlet
- prostatomegaly
- Cytology of prostatic fluid
- Definitive dx = biopsy
9
Q
What is the treatmetn for BPH
A
- Indicated for those with clinical signs of prostatic disease
- Castration:
- 7-10 days decrease in prostatic size on rectal palation or imaging
- 50% reduction w/in 3 wks
- 70% reduction w/in 9wks
- If Reduction in size does not occur reconsider diagnosis
- Temporary Medical Therapy
- Finasteride: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/day PO
- Inhibits 5a-reductase
- 33-50% reduction in size by 6wks of treatment
- Prostate returns to pre-treatment size w/in 2months of disconinuation
- Does not affect semen quality
- Finasteride: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/day PO
10
Q
What is prostatitis
A
- Inflammatory disese of the prostate gland commonly due to bacterial infection often superimposed over BPH
- Occurs in both intact and neutered males
- Ascending infection > hematogenous
- E. coli
- Staph, Strep, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Brucella canis
- hematogenous or extension from orchitis or epididmytis
11
Q
What are the clinical signs of prostatitis
A
- Acute:
- anorexia
- depression
- vomiting
- fever
- stilted gait
- caudal abdominal pain
- Decreased libido
- Urethral discharge
- Painful when ejaculating
- Chronic:
- subclinical
- Recurrent UTI
- Urethral discharge
- Poor semen quality
- Prostatic abscesses may develop
- peritonitis
12
Q
How is Prostatitis diagnosed
A
- +/- prostatomegaly, pain, asymmetry
- +/- neutrophilia with left shift
- Urinalysis - pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria
- Radiographs - prostatomegaly
- US - focal or diffuse hypoechoic changes
- Culture of prostatic fluid
- Cytology of prostatic fluid - inflammatory
- Retrograde cystourethrography
- contrast may fill cystic spaces
13
Q
How is prostatitis treated?
A
- Supportive care
- antibiotics fo 3-6wks
- penetration into blood-prostatic barrier
- lipid soluble, low protein binding, weak bases
- Trimethoprim-sulfa, chlorampheicol, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin
- penetration into blood-prostatic barrier
- Repeat culture in 1 wk and 4wks after tehrapy
- Treat underlying BPH
- castration
- finasteride
- Prostatic abscess:
- US guided aspiration
- Surgical Drainage
- Antibiotic
- Castration
14
Q
What is prostatic neoplasia
A
- Uncontrolled, disorganized proliferation of prostatic tissue
- 3.5-15% prostatic disease
- Intact or neutered, and older
- Malignant carcinoma most common
- adenocarcinoma or extension of transitional cel carcinoma
- metastasis
- iliac LN
- Lungs
- Urinary bladder
- periprostatic tissue
- rectum
- bone
- kidney
15
Q
Clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia
A
- Varies with pattern of metastasis
- weight loss
- inappetence
- stilted gait
- tenesmus
- lumbar pain
- stranguria
- Rear limb weakness
- Dysuria/hematuria/pyuria
