Many Electrons in an Atom Flashcards
What is ms quantum number
It is the quantum number related to the spin of the electron
ms= ±1/2
Can we solve non hydrogenic wavefunctions
They are practically unsolvable however we can make approximations with some principles
Pauli exclusion principle
No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers, so maximum number of electrons in an orbital is 2
Hund’s rule
Electrons will fill up degenerate orbitals singly with the same spin before doubling up
Aufbau principle
Electrons fill up orbitals in order of increasing energy.
It doesn’t go up per orbital due to shielding
Shielding
Electron repulsion between orbitals, greater the penetration of the electron the less shielding it will experience
Penetration
How close the electron can get to the nucleus
Z effective
Effective nuclear charge on an electron Z_ef f= Z-σ where Z is the nuclear charge from the nucleus and σ is the electron charge multiplied by the kernel electrons
Kernel electrons
The number of electrons that are not in the valence shell
Hydrogen energy level equation
E_n = -hcR/n^2
n is the principle quantum number and R is the Ryberg constant
Delta E for E_n level for hydrogen
Use previous equation but have Delta E = E initial - E final
Rearrange with equation for Energy of a photon with wavelength and solve which is =kT/Bhc after we sub for ΔE.
How to work out maximum occupied energy level:
Differential with respect to J = 0 and solve to get Jmax = 1/2 ((2kt)/(Bhc))^1/2 -1/2
