Manipulating Genomes Flashcards
Define a genome
Genetic material of an organism
Define satellite DNA
Short sequences of repeated base pairs
Define microsatalite DNA
Between 2 and 4 base pairs repeated 15 times
Define minisatalite DNA
Between 10 and 50 bases repeated 50 to 100 times
Outline the DNA profiling procedure
Endo nucleases breakdown DNA into shorter strands
Electrophoresis uses anode to separate strands
Fragments moved to a nylon membrane
Probes attach to fragments and label them
X Ray film develops DNA
What is a benefit of PCR?
Large amounts of DNA can be produced from a tiny sample
What is unique about the PCR process?
Goes through cycles at different temperatures to break hydrogen bonds in DNA
Define a terminator base
Base which terminates the DNA strand
What happens during dye terminator sequencing?
Terminator base labelled using different wavelengths of light
What is DNA profiling used for?
Forensics and paternity
What is bioinformatics?
Software to organise DNA data
What is computational biology?
Using data to form a hypothesis
Define genomics
Structure and function of genomes to be able to link them to diseases
What is seen in DNA barcoding in animals and plants?
Cytochrome c
Chloroplasts
What measurement shows organisms having a common ancestor?
N base pair difference
Define proeome
Complete set of proteins encoded by a genome
What us a spliceosome?
Enzymes which makes exons produce mature mRNA
What can occur from protein modification?
Shortening
Lengthing
Phosphorylation
What is synthetic biology?
Design of artificial biology
What is recombinant DNA?
Combining DNA from different organisms
Why and how do we manipulate genomes?
Isolated genes for a desired characteristic
Transfer gene to different organism
Grow recipient gene
Why are GM plants useful?
Reduce CO2 consumption and fertiliser usage
Define augmentation therapy
Treats diseases caused by Mutations.
DNA of functional geme added
Define gene inhibition therapy
Introduce a gene which inhibits another gene
