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Biology Module 6 > Genetics And Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a mutation

A

Change in the amount or the structure of DNA of an organism

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2
Q

How can a phenotype be passed on?

A

Through mitosis and meiosis

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3
Q

Define somatic mutations

A

Mutations passed on to daughter cells and inherited

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4
Q

Define a gene mutation

A

Change in nucleotide sequence

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5
Q

Define a chromosome mutation

A

Change in several genes effecting am area on a chromosome. Can be structural changes on DNA

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6
Q

What is translocation in mutation?

A

New / extra genes

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7
Q

What is duplication in mutation?

A

Some genes are copied

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8
Q

What is deletion in Mutations?

A

Some genes are lost

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9
Q

What is inversion in mutation?

A

Genes are removed and rearranged facing backwards

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10
Q

What is substitution in point mutation?

A

One base changes to another

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11
Q

What is insertion in point mutation?

A

Adds a base to sequence causing the sequence to shift

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12
Q

What is deletion in point mutation?

A

Removal if a base causing a change in sequence

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13
Q

What is frame shift in Mutations?

A

Amino acids chain shifts due to insertion

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14
Q

What are the 3 results of substitution Mutations?

A

Coded for the same amino acids

Codes for different amino acids

Codes for a stop codon

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15
Q

What are the effects of Mutations?

A

Phenotype may not be effected
Different R groups change amino acid
Protein can become shorter
Could lead to an advantageous phenotype eg lactose tolerance

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16
Q

Name some diseases caused by Mutations

A

Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anaemia

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17
Q

Name some beneficial mutations

A

Lactose tolerance
Bacteria resistance

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18
Q

Name some neutral Mutations

A

Dimples
Free ear lobes

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19
Q

Define a mutagen

A

Biological, chemical or physical factors that cause a mutation

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20
Q

Name an example of a mutagen

A

Ionising UV radiation- break strands of DNA
Viruses- DNA of foreign body may change organisms genome

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21
Q

What can chromosome Mutations cause?

A

Developmental problems

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22
Q

When do structural changes to chromosomes occur?

A

Prophase 1

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23
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

When gene expression makes a gene become active. The expressed gene is then transcribed and translated. Also controls synthesis

24
Q

What are mutation responses caused by in prokaryotes?

A

Due to changes in the external environment

25
Q

What do multicellular organisms use gene regulation?

A

To specialise cells

26
Q

What does transcriptional mean?

A

Controlling if transcription occurs

27
Q

What does post transcriptional mean?

A

Modifying RNA

28
Q

What does translational mean?

A

Stopping or starting translation

29
Q

What does post translational mean

A

Modify proteins after synthesis

30
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of gene expression?

A

Chromatin modification
Transcription factors

31
Q

Outline chromatin Modification

A
  1. DNA wound round histone proteins firming a chromatin
  2. DNA negatively charged, histone positively charged
  3. Heterochromatin tightly bound to DNA
  4. Euchromatin loosely bound to DNA and is present in interphase
32
Q

What happens if you add an acetyl ir phosphate group to a histone?

A

Reduces the positive charge so DNA binds loosely

33
Q

What happens when you add a methyl group to a histone?

A

Makes DNA mire hydrophobic so they bind tightly to each other in tighter coils

34
Q

What happens to transcription if you condense chromatin?

A

Suppresses transcription

35
Q

What happens to transcription if you decondense chromatin?

A

Activates transmission

36
Q

Where do transcription factors bind to?

A

Promoter regions

37
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins that control expression of other genes

38
Q

Define an operon

A

A group of structural genes found in prokaryotes with control elements and a regulatory gene which undergo the same mechanism at the same time

39
Q

Outline how a lac operon works

A

Recessor protein bids to promoter region.
Sucrose then binds to protein changing its shape so it can no longer bind to promoter region so becomes released.
RNA polymerase then binds and can form mRNA strands

40
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

Protein which turns genes on and off by binding to DNA

41
Q

What is the rate of transcription sped up by?

A

AMP + CRP

42
Q

When can’t AMP + CRP bind together?

A

If glucose is present

43
Q

What does an exon code for?

A

Amino acids sequence

44
Q

What is attached at the 5 prime end of DNA?

A

A cap

45
Q

What is attached at a 3 prime end of DNA?

A

A tail

46
Q

What aids the binding of proteins to ribosomes?

A

Initiation factors

47
Q

What does protein kinase do?

A

Adds phosphate groups to proteins changing their active site

48
Q

What is secondary cell to cell signalling?

A

When AMP + CRP bind together

49
Q

What is splicing?

A

When introns are removed which allows DNA to be read. It can cause a new sequence of DNA to form

50
Q

Define body plan

A

General structure of organisms

51
Q

What is the hox gene?

A

Gene which codes for homeodomain which contains homebox genes

52
Q

What are homebox genes?

A

Genes which have changed very little

53
Q

Outline the role of homeodomain

A

Homeodomain binds to DNA acting as a transcription factor. It binds to DNA to activate or repress proteins responsible for body plan

54
Q

What is apotosis?

A

Breaks down cells into fragments which are engulfed by phagocytes. The process also removes unwanted structures

55
Q

What is apotosis?

A

Breaks down cells into fragments which are engulfed by phagocytes. The process also removes unwanted structures

Biology Module 6 (5 decks)

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