Managing Change and Innovations Flashcards
The Calm Waters Metaphor
Lewins description of the change process as a break in the organization’s equilibrium state.
Unfreezing the status quo
Changing to a new state
Refreezing to make permanent change
White-water Rapids Metaphor
The lack of environmental stability and predictability requires that managers and organizations continually adapt (manage change actively) to survive.
Define: Organizational Changes
Any alteration of people, structure, or technology of an organization.
Define: Change Agents
Persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process.
Types of change
Structure
Things affecting how the organization operates
Technology
Modifications in the way work is preformed or the methods and equipment used
People
Change in attitudes, expectations, behaviors, and perceptions.
Define: Organizational Development (OD)
Techniques or programs to change people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships
Ex. Team building, survey feedback, and intergroup development
Why do people resist change?
Ambiguity and uncertainty changes produce
Comfort of old habits
Concern over personal loss of status, friends, money, etc.
The perception that change is incompatible with the goals and interest of the organization
How to reduce resistance to change?
Eduction and communication
Participation
Facilitation and support
Negotiation
Manipulation and Co-optation
Selecting people who accept change
Coercion
Define: Creativity
The ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make an unusual association.
Define: Innovation
Turning the outcomes of the creative process into useful products, services, or work methods.
Name the five categories of organizational stressors.
Task demands
-related to an employees job; Design of job, working conditions, and physical layout
Role demands
- Role conflicts
- Role Overload
- Role Ambiguity
Interpersonal demands
-pressures created by other employees
Organization Structure
-Excessive rules and lack of opportunity to participate in discussion
Organizational Leadership
-The supervisory style of the organizations managers.
Type A personality vs Type B personality
Type A
-chronic feeling of a sense of time urgency
Type B
-No feeling of time urgency
Symptoms of stress
Physical
-Changes in metabolism, increased heart and breathing rate, etc.
Psychological
-Tension, anxiety, irritability, etc.
Behavioral
-Changes in productivity, absenteeism, etc.
How can managers make change happen successfully?
Make the organization change capable
Understand their own role in the process
Give individual employees a role in the change process
Structural Variables Factors
Organic structure
Abundant resources
High communication
