Management Flashcards
two members in the trait theory
Carlyle and Galton
what are the 5 characteristics of Carlyle and Galton’s trait theory
motivated intelligent self confident creative integrity (problem solve/reasoning)
which acronym is used to identify the five characteristics of carlyle and galton’s trait theory
MISCI
flaws with Carlyle and Galton’s trait theory
no set of traits proven to be most important
research suggests can’t be taught `
what are the four styles of leadership behaviour in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s contingency approach
tell,sell,consult and participate
in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s contingency approach, what is tell equivalent to
autocratic
what are the four sections of Blake and Mouton’s leadership grid
country club
team leader
impoverished
authoritarian
in Blake and Mouton’s leadership grid what does being a country club leader mean
concerned more about well bbeing
productivity suffers
in Blake and Mouton’s leadership grid what does being an impoverished leader mean
no concern for tasks or peoples needs
how does a theory x leader view their employees
lazy
lack initiative
motivated by money
how does a theory y leader view their employees
enjoy work
motivated not just by money
capable
what is participate in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s equivalent to
democratic leader
what are the three factors in Adair’s three circles
team
task individual
how is Adair’s theory different from Carlyle and Galton’s
focus on what leader does over skills
benefits of Adairs model
simplistic
balance all 3
drawbacks of Adair’s model
difficult for not to be conflict of interest
fail if not balanced
how could a managers success be measured
ability to meet task deadlines quality of work achievement of targets labour turnover customer feedback
what could prevent a manager from being successful
lack of co-or with other departments
budgets
competition
economy(recession)
motivation
desire to act in certain way to achieve certain result
morale
refers to ‘spirit’
benefits of motivated workforce
commitment
business rep
change easier to implement
name 3 non monetary methods of motivation
fear
praise
job enrichment
job enrichment
extra responsibility
Taylor’s motivational style
workers paid by piece rate
mayo’s motivational style
psychological factors
sense of responsibility is important to employees
McClelland’s human motivation theory is also known as what
3 needs theory
what are the three needs in McClellend’s three needs theory
achievement
affiliation
power
McClellend’s three needs- achievement
need to accomplish goals
likes regular feedback
McClellend’s three needs- Affiliation
wants to belong to group
McClellend’s three needs- power
wants control and influence
enjoy winning
in McClellend’s three needs theory, how does categorising employees help
know what feedback and praise to give
how would a manager motivate an employee driven by power (McClellend’s)
train them for a leadership position
how would a manager motivate an employee driven by affiliation needs (McClellend’s)
role that deals with customers over senior role where has to make decisions
how would a manager motivate an employee driven by high achievers (McClellend’s)
allow them to do tasks independently
what is the problem with McClellend’s theory
they have other needs aswell
has to do it for every individual employee
what Frederick Herzberg’s theory called
two factor theory
what are Herzberg’s two factors
hygiene
motivational
define motivational factors
factors such as job enrichment, recognition and praise
define hygiene factors
factors- don’t motivate but without cause disatisfaction
give examples of hygiene factors
pay
working conditions
what are the advantages of herzberg’s two factor theory
apply to everyone
easy to apply
what are the disadvantages of herzberg’s two factor theory
some may see hygiene factors as motivational e.g pay
hygiene factors can become demotivating e.g environment
whats vrooms expectancy theory equation
expectancyXinstrumentalityXValence
explain the idea behind vrooms expectancy theory
employees make choice to behave
motivated by what they expect the result of choice will be
define expectancy
Does the individual believe they can achieve the task
instrumentality
belief if you perform well, you will receive the reward
valence
value thats placed on the reward on offer
what does vrooms research suggest
people have to believe they’re able
+will recieve the reward
what are each element of vrooms theory measured between
0 and 1
what number is expectancy is n employee feels like all tasks can be done
1
whats the managers role in vrooms theory
calculate motivation
reward has to be worth having
resources are in place
ensure targets are achievable
what are the advantages of vrooms expectancy theory
simple
identify area of need
applies financial+non financial
what are the disadvantages of vrooms expectancy theory
perception of effort varys per manager (inconsistent number)
time consuming
what are the 5 levels of maslows hierarchy of needs
physiological safety social self esteem self actualisation
what does the self esteem level of maslows hierarchy mean
seek respect of others
what does the self actualisation level of maslows hierarchy mean
personal growth
achievement
how can physiological needs be fulfilled
pay cheque, free lunch
how can safety needs be fulfilled
security cameras, policies for bullying
how can social needs be fulfilled
sports, activities
how can self actualisation needs be fulfilled
training, special projects
what are the limitations of maslow’s theory
some higher order needs might not have to be met at work
challenge to identify needs of every employee
needs not hiearchal for all employees
what did Drucker also refer to employees as
knowledge workers
what did Drucker think about organisational structure fo a business
should be decentralised and delayer much as poss
what did Drucker think about training
offer constant training
what was Drucker’s theory called
management by objective
what are the limitations of drucker’s theory
relies-good leadership+soft skills
not all motivated by non-monetary methods
what are lockes 5 principles
clarity,challenge,feedback,commitment, task complexity
feedback
essential so progress can be gauged
limitations of lockes goal setting theory
focus too much on goal
neglect other role
monitoring+feedback=time consuming
don’t achieve-demotivating
autocratic leader
full control of decision making
democratic leader
focus power with group
leader has final say
paternalistic leader
has full control but explains why making certain decisions
laissez faire
little direction
responsibility with group
what did Peters theory deal with
how an organization might gain commitment from employees
what did peters say about how employees should be treated
need to valued and empowered at all levels of business (Druckers idea)
9 motivational theorists
taylor mayo McClelland Herzberg vroom maslow drucker locke peters
6 leadership theories
Carlyle+Galton trait theory Mcgregors XandY theory Blake+Moutons managerial grid Lewin's change model Tannenbaum+schmidt Adair's three circles
lewins 3 step change model
unfreeze
change
refreeze
trade union
organized association of workers in particular industry
worked for things e.g maternity leave
what is the role of a trade union
negotiate on behalf of a group to get change
collective bargaining
how would a trade union benefit its workers
job security
working conditions
benefits of a trade union to a business
saves time+cost don’t deal with individual cases
support if business undergoing significant change
why has trade union membership decline
decline manufacturing
flexible working hours- less need for protection
what action can trade unions take
strike action
overtime ban
work to rule
7 pieces of legislation which affect the relationship between employee and employer
minimum wage health and safety dismissal grievance data protection equality contracts of employment
what is a contract of employment also known as
statement of written particulars
what is a contract of employment
document containing main terms of employment e.g pay
has to be done by law for employees
what will having a contract of employment prevent
disputes
employer-employee relations
relationship between management + employees at a national/local level
benefits of a positive employer-employee relationship
better communication
more respect
easier to implement change
3 negative impacts of poor employer-employee relationships
lack of motivation
bad communication
can’t get employees on board with change
name some basis’ people can be discriminated on
trade union membership
marital status
sexual orientation
discrimination
treat someone unfairly due to certain characteristics they posses
employee participation
employees have ability to participate in decision making process
industrial democracy
aka employee participation
benefits of employee participation
motivation
communication
quality of decisions
work councils
formal meeting of managers and employee representatives
discuss pay,working conditions
what are work councils a form of
employee participation
functions of management
core activities which define the roles of managers
four functions of management
planning
organisation
directing
controlling
what does planning involve (functions of management)
individual decides what they want to achieve
what does organisation involve (functions of management)
arranging+taking action
what does directing involve (functions of management)
giving duties to employees
what does controlling involve (functions of management)
way manger ensures work is done
difference between a manger and a leader
manger-given a task and obeyed by subordinates
leader-followed because gained respect
who’s theory is x and y
Mcgregors
what is carlyle and galtons theory
trait theory
what is tannenbaum and schmidts theory
contigency approach
What is Taylor’s theory called
Scientific management
What is mayo’s theory called
Human relations
What is McClellends theory called
Three needs
What is herzbergs theory called
2 factors theory
What is Maslow theory called
Hierarchy of needs
What is vrooms theory called
Expectancy
What is drucker’s theory
Management by objective
What is lockes theory called
Goal setting
Summarise mayos theory
Workers motivated by have social needs met
Should work jn teams
Managers should have involvement
Summarise Taylor’s theory
Motivated by piece rate
Don’t naturally enjoy work
Summarise peters theory
How organisation gains commitment
People need to be valued+empowered on all levels
