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Business Studies > Management > Flashcards

Management Flashcards

1
Q

two members in the trait theory

A

Carlyle and Galton

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2
Q

what are the 5 characteristics of Carlyle and Galton’s trait theory

A 
motivated 
intelligent
self confident
creative
integrity (problem solve/reasoning)
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3
Q

which acronym is used to identify the five characteristics of carlyle and galton’s trait theory

A

MISCI

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4
Q

flaws with Carlyle and Galton’s trait theory

A

no set of traits proven to be most important

research suggests can’t be taught `

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5
Q

what are the four styles of leadership behaviour in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s contingency approach

A

tell,sell,consult and participate

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6
Q

in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s contingency approach, what is tell equivalent to

A

autocratic

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7
Q

what are the four sections of Blake and Mouton’s leadership grid

A

country club
team leader
impoverished
authoritarian

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8
Q

in Blake and Mouton’s leadership grid what does being a country club leader mean

A

concerned more about well bbeing

productivity suffers

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9
Q

in Blake and Mouton’s leadership grid what does being an impoverished leader mean

A

no concern for tasks or peoples needs

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10
Q

how does a theory x leader view their employees

A

lazy
lack initiative
motivated by money

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11
Q

how does a theory y leader view their employees

A

enjoy work
motivated not just by money
capable

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12
Q

what is participate in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s equivalent to

A

democratic leader

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13
Q

what are the three factors in Adair’s three circles

A

team

task individual

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14
Q

how is Adair’s theory different from Carlyle and Galton’s

A

focus on what leader does over skills

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15
Q

benefits of Adairs model

A

simplistic

balance all 3

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16
Q

drawbacks of Adair’s model

A

difficult for not to be conflict of interest

fail if not balanced

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17
Q

how could a managers success be measured

A 
ability to meet task deadlines 
quality of work
achievement of targets 
labour turnover 
customer feedback
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18
Q

what could prevent a manager from being successful

A

lack of co-or with other departments
budgets
competition
economy(recession)

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19
Q

motivation

A

desire to act in certain way to achieve certain result

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20
Q

morale

A

refers to ‘spirit’

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21
Q

benefits of motivated workforce

A

commitment
business rep
change easier to implement

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22
Q

name 3 non monetary methods of motivation

A

fear
praise
job enrichment

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23
Q

job enrichment

A

extra responsibility

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24
Q

Taylor’s motivational style

A

workers paid by piece rate

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25
Q

mayo’s motivational style

A

psychological factors

sense of responsibility is important to employees

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26
Q

McClelland’s human motivation theory is also known as what

A

3 needs theory

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27
Q

what are the three needs in McClellend’s three needs theory

A

achievement
affiliation
power

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28
Q

McClellend’s three needs- achievement

A

need to accomplish goals

likes regular feedback

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29
Q

McClellend’s three needs- Affiliation

A

wants to belong to group

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30
Q

McClellend’s three needs- power

A

wants control and influence

enjoy winning

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31
Q

in McClellend’s three needs theory, how does categorising employees help

A

know what feedback and praise to give

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32
Q

how would a manager motivate an employee driven by power (McClellend’s)

A

train them for a leadership position

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33
Q

how would a manager motivate an employee driven by affiliation needs (McClellend’s)

A

role that deals with customers over senior role where has to make decisions

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34
Q

how would a manager motivate an employee driven by high achievers (McClellend’s)

A

allow them to do tasks independently

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35
Q

what is the problem with McClellend’s theory

A

they have other needs aswell

has to do it for every individual employee

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36
Q

what Frederick Herzberg’s theory called

A

two factor theory

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37
Q

what are Herzberg’s two factors

A

hygiene

motivational

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38
Q

define motivational factors

A

factors such as job enrichment, recognition and praise

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39
Q

define hygiene factors

A

factors- don’t motivate but without cause disatisfaction

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40
Q

give examples of hygiene factors

A

pay

working conditions

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41
Q

what are the advantages of herzberg’s two factor theory

A

apply to everyone

easy to apply

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42
Q

what are the disadvantages of herzberg’s two factor theory

A

some may see hygiene factors as motivational e.g pay

hygiene factors can become demotivating e.g environment

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43
Q

whats vrooms expectancy theory equation

A

expectancyXinstrumentalityXValence

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44
Q

explain the idea behind vrooms expectancy theory

A

employees make choice to behave

motivated by what they expect the result of choice will be

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45
Q

define expectancy

A

Does the individual believe they can achieve the task

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46
Q

instrumentality

A

belief if you perform well, you will receive the reward

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47
Q

valence

A

value thats placed on the reward on offer

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48
Q

what does vrooms research suggest

A

people have to believe they’re able

+will recieve the reward

49
Q

what are each element of vrooms theory measured between

A

0 and 1

50
Q

what number is expectancy is n employee feels like all tasks can be done

A

1

51
Q

whats the managers role in vrooms theory

A

calculate motivation
reward has to be worth having
resources are in place
ensure targets are achievable

52
Q

what are the advantages of vrooms expectancy theory

A

simple
identify area of need
applies financial+non financial

53
Q

what are the disadvantages of vrooms expectancy theory

A

perception of effort varys per manager (inconsistent number)
time consuming

54
Q

what are the 5 levels of maslows hierarchy of needs

A 
physiological 
safety
social
self esteem 
self actualisation
55
Q

what does the self esteem level of maslows hierarchy mean

A

seek respect of others

56
Q

what does the self actualisation level of maslows hierarchy mean

A

personal growth

achievement

57
Q

how can physiological needs be fulfilled

A

pay cheque, free lunch

58
Q

how can safety needs be fulfilled

A

security cameras, policies for bullying

59
Q

how can social needs be fulfilled

A

sports, activities

60
Q

how can self actualisation needs be fulfilled

A

training, special projects

61
Q

what are the limitations of maslow’s theory

A

some higher order needs might not have to be met at work
challenge to identify needs of every employee
needs not hiearchal for all employees

62
Q

what did Drucker also refer to employees as

A

knowledge workers

63
Q

what did Drucker think about organisational structure fo a business

A

should be decentralised and delayer much as poss

64
Q

what did Drucker think about training

A

offer constant training

65
Q

what was Drucker’s theory called

A

management by objective

66
Q

what are the limitations of drucker’s theory

A

relies-good leadership+soft skills

not all motivated by non-monetary methods

67
Q

what are lockes 5 principles

A

clarity,challenge,feedback,commitment, task complexity

68
Q

feedback

A

essential so progress can be gauged

69
Q

limitations of lockes goal setting theory

A

focus too much on goal
neglect other role
monitoring+feedback=time consuming
don’t achieve-demotivating

70
Q

autocratic leader

A

full control of decision making

71
Q

democratic leader

A

focus power with group

leader has final say

72
Q

paternalistic leader

A

has full control but explains why making certain decisions

73
Q

laissez faire

A

little direction

responsibility with group

74
Q

what did Peters theory deal with

A

how an organization might gain commitment from employees

75
Q

what did peters say about how employees should be treated

A

need to valued and empowered at all levels of business (Druckers idea)

76
Q

9 motivational theorists

A 
taylor 
mayo
McClelland
Herzberg 
vroom 
maslow 
drucker 
locke 
peters
77
Q

6 leadership theories

A 
Carlyle+Galton trait theory
Mcgregors XandY theory 
Blake+Moutons managerial grid
Lewin's change model 
Tannenbaum+schmidt 
Adair's three circles
78
Q

lewins 3 step change model

A

unfreeze
change
refreeze

79
Q

trade union

A

organized association of workers in particular industry

worked for things e.g maternity leave

80
Q

what is the role of a trade union

A

negotiate on behalf of a group to get change

collective bargaining

81
Q

how would a trade union benefit its workers

A

job security

working conditions

82
Q

benefits of a trade union to a business

A

saves time+cost don’t deal with individual cases

support if business undergoing significant change

83
Q

why has trade union membership decline

A

decline manufacturing

flexible working hours- less need for protection

84
Q

what action can trade unions take

A

strike action
overtime ban
work to rule

85
Q

7 pieces of legislation which affect the relationship between employee and employer

A 
minimum wage 
health and safety 
dismissal 
grievance 
data protection 
equality 
contracts of employment
86
Q

what is a contract of employment also known as

A

statement of written particulars

87
Q

what is a contract of employment

A

document containing main terms of employment e.g pay

has to be done by law for employees

88
Q

what will having a contract of employment prevent

A

disputes

89
Q

employer-employee relations

A

relationship between management + employees at a national/local level

90
Q

benefits of a positive employer-employee relationship

A

better communication
more respect
easier to implement change

91
Q

3 negative impacts of poor employer-employee relationships

A

lack of motivation
bad communication
can’t get employees on board with change

92
Q

name some basis’ people can be discriminated on

A

trade union membership
marital status
sexual orientation

93
Q

discrimination

A

treat someone unfairly due to certain characteristics they posses

94
Q

employee participation

A

employees have ability to participate in decision making process

95
Q

industrial democracy

A

aka employee participation

96
Q

benefits of employee participation

A

motivation
communication
quality of decisions

97
Q

work councils

A

formal meeting of managers and employee representatives

discuss pay,working conditions

98
Q

what are work councils a form of

A

employee participation

99
Q

functions of management

A

core activities which define the roles of managers

100
Q

four functions of management

A

planning
organisation
directing
controlling

101
Q

what does planning involve (functions of management)

A

individual decides what they want to achieve

102
Q

what does organisation involve (functions of management)

A

arranging+taking action

103
Q

what does directing involve (functions of management)

A

giving duties to employees

104
Q

what does controlling involve (functions of management)

A

way manger ensures work is done

105
Q

difference between a manger and a leader

A

manger-given a task and obeyed by subordinates

leader-followed because gained respect

106
Q

who’s theory is x and y

A

Mcgregors

107
Q

what is carlyle and galtons theory

A

trait theory

108
Q

what is tannenbaum and schmidts theory

A

contigency approach

109
Q

What is Taylor’s theory called

A

Scientific management

110
Q

What is mayo’s theory called

A

Human relations

111
Q

What is McClellends theory called

A

Three needs

112
Q

What is herzbergs theory called

A

2 factors theory

113
Q

What is Maslow theory called

A

Hierarchy of needs

114
Q

What is vrooms theory called

A

Expectancy

115
Q

What is drucker’s theory

A

Management by objective

116
Q

What is lockes theory called

A

Goal setting

117
Q

Summarise mayos theory

A

Workers motivated by have social needs met
Should work jn teams
Managers should have involvement

118
Q

Summarise Taylor’s theory

A

Motivated by piece rate

Don’t naturally enjoy work

119
Q

Summarise peters theory

A

How organisation gains commitment

People need to be valued+empowered on all levels

Business Studies (14 decks)

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