Mammographic Pathology

Question 1

the person who makes the diagnosis when the radiologist recommends a biopsy.

Answer 1

pathologist

Question 2

Tissue samples taken from the
breast, lymph nodes under the arm (axilla), or both.

Answer 2

Specimen

Question 3

A short description of the patient and how the breast abnormality was found. It also describes the kind of surgery (if any) that was done.

Answer 3

Clinical history

Question 4

This is the preliminary diagnosis physicians (referring radiologist, oncologist) were expecting before the breast tissue sample was tested.

Answer 4

Clinical diagnosis

Question 5

A description of the tissue sample or samples. It includes physical features as
size, weight, and color for each sample.

Answer 5

Gross description

Question 6

A description of how cancer cells look under the microscope.

Answer 6

Microscopic description

Question 7

This section of the report describes the results of tests for proteins, genes, and how fast the cells are growing.

Answer 7

Special tests or markers

Question 8

This is a short description of all the important findings for each tissue sample.

Answer 8

Summary or final diagnosis

Question 9

identifies the type of disease in the examined cells and the condition or function of its cells along the same continuum from healthy to dying.

Answer 9

pathologist/histopathologist

Question 10

There are three phases for the development of breast
cancer:

Answer 10

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

Question 11

A mutation occurs. A carcinogenic
agent triggers the beginning by damaging and changing a gene. Genes 17 and 13 are among the better-known locations in breast cells where cancer originates.

Answer 11

Initiation

Question 12

A process where mutant-damaged
cells can be further weakened by any number of agents such as cigarettes, some household chemicals ,injury, or exposure to carcinogenic agents.

Answer 12

Promotion

Question 13

In this third phase, cells lose all normal functions except the ability to grow more abnormal cells—they metastasize; they
break through outer walls of the duct or lobule and spread the out-of-control, fast growing cancerous cells without their functioning DNA to nearby tissue or organs.

Answer 13

Progression

Question 14

The majority of benign and malignant breast diseases occur in the ____

Answer 14

terminal duct lobular unit(TDLU)

Question 15

site of ductal carcinoma

Answer 15

extra lobular terminal duct

Question 16

the site of lobular carcinoma

Answer 16

intra lobular terminal duct

Question 17

are classified into specific types of cancer depending on the changes that occur in the epithelial cells and other characteristics.

Answer 17

Ductal and lobular carcinomas

Question 18

The most common form of breast cancer

Answer 18

invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma NOS

Question 19

Most experts believe that malignant disease develops through a process that starts with ____, sometimes referred to as
______.

Answer 19

epithelial hyperplasia, epitheliosis or papillomatosis

Question 20

The three grades of epithelial hyperplasia are

Answer 20

mild, moderate, and florid

Question 21

where there is no invasion of the abnormal cells outside the lobule or the duct (LCIS,DCIS).

Answer 21

carcinoma in situ

Question 22

where the cancer cells break out of the lobule or duct walls, invade stromal tissue, and have access to the lymph channels and
blood vessels

Answer 22

infiltrating or invasive carcinoma

Question 23

Breast cancer arises from the ____, the majority of which lies centrally and laterally in the breast.

Answer 23

glandular tissue

Question 24

a benign proliferation of tissue in the male breast

Answer 24

Gynecomastia

Question 25

is the most aggressive tumor

Answer 25

grade III

Question 26

Only the ____ can interpret a mammogram and other imaging exams to make the diagnosis.

Answer 26

radiologist

Question 27

may form on the surface of the skin after surgical biopsy. They are evident on the skin as a thick, darker pigmented irregular area.

Answer 27

Keloid scars

Question 28

occur in the oil glands of the skin. They may be radiolucent and well- circumscribed with a smooth border, which may characteristically calcify.

Answer 28

Sebaceous cysts

Question 29

-the retention of fluid within the skin and interstitial spaces, causing skin thickening. -Sometimes the skin takes on the appearance of an orange peel (peau d’ orange).

Answer 29

Edema

Question 30

Redness of the skin

Answer 30

Erythema

Question 31

Radiologists use it as a reference point to identify the location of a lesion.

Answer 31

Nipple

Question 32

Skin Changes Appearing as Mass Densities

Answer 32

Skin mole Keloid scar Sebaceous Cyst Edema (SkinThickening) Redness(Erythema)

Question 33

Characteristically, ____ are smooth in outline with radiolucent centers, usually

Answer 33

skin calcifications

Question 34

result from arterial athrosclerosis.

Answer 34

Arterial calcifications

Question 35

occurs in microcysts when the cyst contains radiopaque particles mixed with the fluid.

Answer 35

Milk of calcium

Question 36

On the ____, milk of calcium appears faint, ill-defined, and smudgy.

Answer 36

craniocaudad projection

Question 37

A ____ will reveal the true characteristics of milk of calcium.

Answer 37

true lateral projection (and sometimes the MLO projection)

Question 38

Large, thick, dense, ____ are a result of involuting fibroadenomas and occasionally other benign processes.

Answer 38

popcorn-shaped calcifications

Question 39

A ___ can present as lobulated and may exhibit a halo sign because it displaces surrounding structures.

Answer 39

fibroadenoma

Question 40

A ____ also may present as a mammographically benign appearing, oval, well circumscribed mass.

Answer 40

fibroadenoma

Question 41

occur along the border of a benign mass.

Answer 41

Rim calcifications

Question 42

occurs after biopsy or injury, when blood supply to that portion of the breast is disrupted.

Answer 42

fat necrosis

Question 43

An ____ is a smoothly outlined, well- encapsulated radiolucent mass.

Answer 43

oil cyst

Question 44

the interruption of ductal structures; lines that oppose this natural flow of ducts to the nipple.

Answer 44

Architectural distortion

Question 45

always benign

Answer 45

Fatty

Question 46

usually benign

Answer 46

Fatty and glandular mix

Question 47

benign or malignant

Answer 47

Glandular or fibrous

Question 48

A ____ can feel soft and easily movable, but occasionally can have the physical attributes of an advanced carcinoma(hard and fixed).

Answer 48

lipoma

Question 49

A ____ is an island of glandular tissue separated from the normal ductal structures.

Answer 49

hamartoma

Question 50

The two types of hamartoma are

Answer 50

fibroadeno lipoma and fibrous hamartoma

Question 51

_____ consist of a mixture of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue; the fibrous hamartoma is predominantly glandular andfibrousincomposition.

Answer 51

Fibroadenolipomas

Question 52

the enlargement and/or proliferation of new lobular units.

Answer 52

Adenosis

Question 53

is adenosis with sclerosing (hardening) of the intralobular stroma.

Answer 53

Sclerosing adenosis

Question 54

- is the formation of fibrous tissue stemming from the connective and supportive stroma. - It is a benign condition.

Answer 54

Fibrosis

Question 55

A ___ occurs in the TDLU when the extra lobular terminal duct becomes blocked.

Answer 55

cyst

Question 56

An____ is lined by epithelial cells.

Answer 56

epithelial cyst

Question 57

an epithelial cyst that has lost its epithelial component.

Answer 57

stromal cyst

Question 58

is a cyst where the epithelial cells display apocrine metaplasia.

Answer 58

Apocrine cyst

Question 59

a change occurring in the epithelial cells where they exhibit characteristics of apocrine sweat glands.

Answer 59

Apocrine metaplasia

Question 60

The _____ (also known as infiltrating epitheliosis, black hole, etc.) has a “central fibrous core” with radiating arms made up of benign epithelial growth and sclerosis.

Answer 60

radial scar

Question 61

- Occurring in the larger ducts,___ is a benign process consisting of widened ducts containing thickened material. - Inflammation surrounds the ducts.

Answer 61

Duct Ectasia

Question 62

- a localized infection. -presents mammographically as a well-circumscribed mass with a density greater than surrounding glandular structures.

Answer 62

Abscess

Question 63

can occur following injury or surgery when there is bleeding within the breast

Answer 63

hematoma