Malformations In Development

Question 1

What can congenital defects be caused by?

Answer 1

environmental factors
Chromosomal factors
Multifactorial
Unknown

Question 2

What is a malformation?

Answer 2

A structural defect of part or the whole organ caused by an abnormal process intrinsic to its development

Question 3

What is a disruption?

Answer 3

A defect i. An organ or body part caused by a process that interferes with an originally normal developmental process

Question 4

What is a deformation?

Answer 4

A structural abnormality caused by mechanical forces

Question 5

What is a sequence?

Answer 5

A pattern of multiple malformations stemming from a disturbance of developmental processes or a mechanical factor

Question 6

What is a syndrome?

Answer 6

A group of malformations of different structures due to a single primary cause but acting through multiple developmental. Pathways

Question 7

What is an association?

Answer 7

A group of anomalies seen in more than one individuals that cannot yet be attributed to a definitive source

Question 8

What is a teratogen?

Answer 8

An agent which can disturb development of an embryo or foetus

Question 9

In the forst two weeks following conception what ar the results of teratogen exposure?

Answer 9

It will either have no effect is only one or two cells are killed or there will be spontaneous abortion if more cells are killed

Question 10

In the embryonic period, what effect will teratogens have?

Answer 10

Severe Malformation of the embryo

Question 11

In the foetal period, what effect will teratogens have?

Answer 11

Functional disturbance of the foetus

Question 12

What factors can be teratogens?

Answer 12

Environmental factor ssuch as drugs, chemicals, industrial pollutants, hormones
Infectious agents
Mechanical factors

Question 13

Which system is sensitive to teratogens for the longest period of time?

Answer 13

CNS

Question 14

How did thalidomide cause amelia and meromelia?

Answer 14

Blood vessels in the limbs leaked and caused damage to the cells in the early progress zone of the early limb bud so that proximal structures didnt develop

Question 15

What defects can be caused by high doses of streptomycin in pregnancy?

Answer 15

Inner ear defects

Question 16

What syndrome can result from the use of epilepsy drugs in pregnancy?

Answer 16

Foetal hydatoin syndrome

Question 17

What abnormalities can methotrexate cause in a foetus?

Answer 17

Craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delays

Question 18

What facial features result from foetal hydatoin syndrome?

Answer 18

Prominent eyes
Increased space between eyes
Microcephaly

Question 19

What facial features result from methotrexate exposure of the foetus during pregnancy?

Answer 19

Prominent eyes with increased spacing
Low set ears
Sparse eyebrows

Question 20

The intake of how much alcohol per day is associated with foetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 20

80ml of spirits

Question 21

What effects does foetal alcohol syndrome have on the foetus?

Answer 21

Facial deformities
Low birth weight
Small head circumference
Developmental delay
Poor coordination and motor skills
Poor socialisation
Memory problems
Behavioural problems

Question 22

What effect does cocaine use have on a foetus?

Answer 22

Premature labour
Spontaneous abortion
Malformation of heart and genitourinary system
Behavioural issues

Question 23

At what stage in pregnancy is rubella virus infection particularly dangerous?

Answer 23

First three months

Question 24

What defects can rubella virus infection cause for a foetus?

Answer 24

Cataracts

Disruption of organ of corti resulting in deafness

Question 25

In the first three months of pregnancy cytomegalovirus causes spontaneous abortion. What are its results after this time?

Answer 25

Cerebral palsy

Deafness

Question 26

What effect can herpes simplex virus have on the foetus?

Answer 26

Mental retardation

Question 27

Microcephaly, hydrocephalus and mental retardation can result from toxoplasmosis infections during pregnancy. How can the mother become infected?

Answer 27

Handling cat litter, raw meat or unwashed fruit and veg