Kidney And Reproductive Tract Development

Question 1

From what type of mesoderm does the urogenital tract arise?

Answer 1

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

The proneohros are the first stage of kidney development and consists of 7-10 solid cell groups that regress by week…?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

The pronephros exist in the lumbar region. T/F?

Answer 3

False it is in the cervical region

Question 4

The mesoneohros are the second stage in kidney development. Where do these exist?

Answer 4

Upper thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 5

The mesoneohros are the second stage in kidney development. When do these regress?

Answer 5

Week 8

Question 6

Which oart of the mesoneohric duct induces the development of the definitive kidney?

Answer 6

Ureteric bud

Question 7

Which part of the mesonephros will form the collecting system of the definitive kidney?

Answer 7

Ureteric bud

Question 8

When does the metanephros appear?

Answer 8

Week five

Question 9

When is the embryological kidney functional?

Answer 9

Week eleven

Question 10

What two components comprise the metanephros?

Answer 10

Ureteric bud

Metanephric cap

Question 11

What part of the metanephros forms the excretory units of the kidneys?

Answer 11

Metanephric cap

Question 12

Nephrons continue ti be formed in the foetus until…?

Answer 12

Birth

Question 13

What type of lining is the cloaca composed of?

Answer 13

Endodermal

Question 14

What structure divides the cloaca into the anterior urogenital sinus and the posterior rectal/anal canal?

Answer 14

Urorectal septum

Question 15

The bladder develops from the urogenital sinus other that which region which is instead formed by the mesonephric ducts?

Answer 15

Trigone region

Question 16

When does the division of the cloaca by the urorectal septum occur?

Answer 16

Between weeks four and seven

Question 17

At what point do gonads acquire male or female morphological characteristics?

Answer 17

Week 7

Question 18

When do the genital ducts develop?

Answer 18

Weeks five to six

Question 19

In the indifferent stage, both males and females have wollfian and mullerian ducts. Which of these ducts goes on to develop in males and which in females?

Answer 19

Males develop wollfian ducts

Females develop mullerian ducts

Question 20

What structures do the wolffian ducts develop into under the influence of testosterone in males?

Answer 20

Ductus deferens

Ejaculatory ducts

Question 21

Why do the wolffian ducts disappear in a female?

Answer 21

Lack fo testosterone

Question 22

What structures do the mullerian ducts fo on to form in the female?

Answer 22

Uterine tubes, uterus and superior vagina

Question 23

Why do the mullerian ducts not develop in males?

Answer 23

Sertoli cells in the testis secrte antimullerian hormone

Question 24

What is the name of the ridges which the gonads initially appear as in week five in both makes and females?

Answer 24

Urogenital or gonadal ridges

Question 25

The primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridges from where?

Answer 25

The yolk sac

Question 26

By which point must the primordial germ cells reach the gonadal ridge for development to occur?

Answer 26

Week six

Question 27

Which master gene determines the male characteristic of a foetus?

Answer 27

SRY - sex determining region of the Y chromosome

Question 28

Which male cells produce testosterone?

Answer 28

Leydig cells

Question 29

SRY causes proliferation of the sex cords so that they become horse shoe shaped, filled with primitive germ cells and somatic cells and break up into tubules. What happens to these cords during puberty?

Answer 29

The acquire a lumen a become seminiferous tubules

Question 30

Females don’t seem to have a master gene for ‘femaleness’ as seen in males but what is the closest female version of the male SRY?

Answer 30

Wnt 4

Question 31

In week three a pair of cloacal folds develop around the cloacal membrane and join to form the genital tubercle at the cranial end. How are these folds divided caudally?

Answer 31

Into anterior urethra, folds and posterior anal folds

Question 32

What structures do the swellings of the anterior cloacal urethral folds form in males and females?

Answer 32

Males are scrotum whilst females are labia majora

Question 33

How do the male prostate and bulbourethral glands develop?

Answer 33

As outgrowths of the prostatic urethra and penile urethra

Question 34

What structures does the phallus develop into in a female compared to a male?

Answer 34

Female clitoris

Male penis

Question 35

What is bicornuate uterus?

Answer 35

Failure of fusion of the uterus resulting in two uteri

Question 36

What is vaginal atresia?

Answer 36

Failed canalisation of the vagina

Question 37

What is hypospadia?

Answer 37

Opening of male urethra is in incorrect position

Question 38

Klinefelters syndrome causes lack of steroid and sperm production by leydig cells. What effect does this have?

Answer 38

Infertility
Gynaecomastia
Impaired sexual maturation

Question 39

Describe testicular feminising syndrome

Answer 39

Genetic males with external female phenotype and internal testes
Produce testosterone but mutation in X chromosome causes a deficiency in the androgen receptors for testosterone sk that they cannot act on the target tissue

Question 40

If a person lacks the gene for 5alpha reductase they cannot produce dihydrotestosterone from testosterone so will be genetically male but have a female phenotype with internal testes. What happens to these people during puberty?

Answer 40

In puberty, these people will develop a male external phenotype as pubertal changes rely on testosterone not dihydrotestosterone

Question 41

Leydig cells are only present in the developing embryo until what week in development?

Answer 41

weeks 17-18

Question 42

During development, what stimulates leading cells?

Answer 42

hCG