Male reproductive tract Flashcards
What is the definition of cryptorchidism?
- Failure of either testicle to descend
- Monorchidism–absence of one testicle
- Anorchidism–absence of both testicles
What are the characteristics of cryptorchid testicles?
- Sterile
- Suppress spermatogenesis in normal testicle
- Highly prone to neoplastic transformation
- Often atrophied
What age should testicles be descended?
- Usually descended by 30-40 days
- Anecdotally delayed in some breeds
- Unequivocal diagnosis after 6 months
T/F: Cryptorchidism is genetically transmitted
TRUE
How do you find prescrotal testicles?
- Usually palpable in SQ
- Between inguinal ring and scrotum
- To remove, incise directly over testicle
How do you find inguinal and abdominal testicles?
- Abdominal U/S to locate
- Exploratory laparotomy
- To remove abdominal testicle–caudal celiotomy incision
- Skin incision adjacent to prepuce
- Divide preputial muscle, vessel
- Midline incision
- Follow testicular artery or vas deferens
How is testicular torsion diagnosed?
- More common with abdominal testicles
- Clinical signs vary
- Mild signs (anorexia, lethargy)
- Acute abdomen (marked pain, shock)
- Diagnosis by U/S, palpation
T/F: Testicular torsion is fatal without surgical treatment
TRUE
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/190/878/913/a_image_thumb.gif?1465000107)
Surgical emergency!
T/F: Prognosis of testicular torsion is poor, even after surgery
FALSE
Prognosis good after surgery
Are cryptorchid testicles prone to neoplastic transformation?
YES
Can neoplastic testicles be functional?
YES
- Feminism syndrome–sertoli cell
- Alopecia, prostate disease, gynecomastia
- Bone marrow suppression–poor prognosis
- Testosterone–interstitial cell
- Perineal hernia
- Perianal adenoma/adenocarcinoma
What staging workup should be performed with testicular neoplasia?
- CBC/chem/UA
- 3-view thoracic rads to check for metastasis
- Abdominal rads/ultrasound to check for metastasis
What is the likelihood of metastatic disease in canine testicular neoplasia?
Metastasis is rare (<10%)
Which surgical procedures are recommended for treatment of un-metastasized neoplasia?
Bilateral castration with scrotal ablation (complete removal of the scrotum)
What is the prognosis with surgical treatment of un-metastasized neoplasia?
If no mets, surgery may be curative
What is scrotal ablation?
Complete removal of the scrotum
T/F: Scrotal ablation requires castration
TRUE
What is hypospadias?
- Incomplete formation of the penile urethra
- Most common developmental anomaly of the external male genitalia
What species is hypospadias most common in? What are the signs?
- Most common in Boston Terriers
- Signs dependent on location
- Minimal signs
- Urine scalding
What is paraphimosis?
Inability to retract penis into prepuce
What are the congenital causes of paraphimosis? What are the acquired causes?
- Congenital
- Narrowed orifice
- Shortened prepuce
- Acquired
- Trauma
- Infection
- Priapism (persistent and painful erection)
What are the medical treatments for paraphimosis?
- Lube
- Hyperosmolar solutions–reduce swelling
- Cold/heat
- Prognosis dependent on duration
What is phallopexy?
- Surgical treatment for paraphimosis–recurrent cases
- Paired incision made in mucosa
- Dorsal midline of the penis
- Dorsal midline of the prepuce
- Close defects to each other–tack the penis into the prepuce
- 3-0 or 4-0 absorbable monofilament
- Simple interrupted or continuous pattern
- If there is necrosis of the penis you will have to amputate