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Histology Test 3 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of male reproductive system

A 
Testes
Epididymis 
genital ducts
prostate (accessory gland)
bulbourethral glands (accessory gland)
seminal vesicles (accessory gland)
penis
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2
Q

Testes development

A

in abdomen, descend, suspended by spermatic cord–yay walker, you did something useful

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3
Q

Testes

  1. Function
  2. layers (inside to out)
  3. Blood
A
  1. Site of spermatogenesis, testosterone production,
  2. Tunica vasculosa- vascular layer of loose CT
    Tunica albuginea- thick fibrous CT capsule
    **has posterior thickening= mediastinum testes
    Tunica vaginalis- serous sac from peritoneum that partially covers anterior and lateral testes
  3. testicular artery surrounded by venous pampiniform plexus to reduce heat
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4
Q

Testicular lobules

  1. Number
  2. separated by?
  3. Contain?
A
  1. about 250
  2. INCOMPLETE septa from tunica albuginea thickening
  3. pyramidal
  4. contain seminiferous tubules
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5
Q

Seminiferous tubules

  1. covering
  2. histologically look?
  3. lead to?
  4. Wall of tubules?
  5. lumen?
  6. Function?
A
  1. loose vascular CT w/ lymph, nerves and cells of Leydig
  2. look empty, can’t see sperm in lumen
  3. narrow into short TUBULI RECTUS that connect with rete testes
  4. thin CT= tunica propria
    Epithelium= 4-8 layers of spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells
  5. lumen divided by sertoli cells into basal and adluminal compartments
  6. Sperm production
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6
Q

Leydig cells

  1. location
  2. Characteristics
  3. Staining
  4. Function
  5. Regulation
  6. Cytoplasm?
A
  1. Found in interstitial area of seminiferous tubules
  2. round/polygonal cells with LARGE central nucleus, lots of sER, and lipid droplets with cholesterol esters
  3. Acidophilic due to sER
  4. Endocrine cells- produce and release testosterone (begin around puberty)
  5. Lutenizing hormone (from pituitary) stimulates secretion
  6. cytoplasm MAY contain rod-shaped crystals=Reinke crystals
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7
Q

Spermatogenic cells

  1. location
  2. Function
A
  1. found in epithelium of seminiferous tubules
  2. can develop into A) germ cells for spermatogenesis
    B) sertoli cells
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8
Q

Sertoli cells

  1. location
  2. shape
  3. characteristics
  4. life-span
A
  1. in seminiferous tubule epithelium
  2. tall columnar cells
  3. pale oval nucleus and large nucleolus. Lots of sER, rER, mitochondria, lysosomes and golgi
  4. Non replicating, made from spermatogenic cells
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9
Q

Sertoli cell functions (X6)

A
  1. forms tight junctions with adjacent sertoli cells which creates blood-testis barrier= protect sperm from autoimmune reactions
  2. Support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells
  3. phagocytose excess cytoplasm that is discarded by maturing spermatids
  4. secrete fructose-rich fluid (for spermatozoa transport)
  5. FSH receptors on plasma membrane
  6. Synthesize and secrete androgen-binding protein, inhibin, testicular transferrin.
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10
Q

Compartments of seminiferous tubules

A

Basal compartment
Adluminal compartment
compartments formed by zonula occludens between adjacent sertoli cells.

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11
Q

Sperm protection?

A

blood-testis barrier formed by sertoli cell tight junctions

protect sperm from autoimmune reactions.

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12
Q

Reinke crystals

A

Can be found in leydig cell tumors

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13
Q

Sertoli cell makes and secretes these things (x3)

A
  1. Androgen binding protein
  2. inhibin
  3. testicular transferrin
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14
Q

Androgen binding protein

  1. Function
  2. Synthesis, regulation?
A
  1. concentrates testosterone in lumen of seminiferous tubule

2. made by sertoli cells under influence of FSH

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15
Q

Transportation of spermatozoa

A

through seminiferous tubules–> genital ducts in fructose-rich fluid (secreted by sertoli cells)

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16
Q

Inhibin

  1. Function
  2. Synthesis
A
  1. inhibits synthesis and release of FSH from anterior pituitary
  2. Anterior pituitary
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17
Q

Testicular transferrin

  1. function
  2. synthesis
A
  1. transfers Fe from serum transferrin to maturing gametes

2. Sertoli cells make this

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18
Q

LH

  1. function
  2. synthesis
A

luteinizing hormone

  1. stimulates secretion of testosterone from leydig cells
  2. produced in pituitary
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19
Q

testosterone

  1. synthesis
  2. regulation
A
  1. made by leydig cells.

2. release stimulated by LH (from pituitary)

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20
Q

Base of seminiferous epithelium–>apical surface

A

spermatogonia–> primary spermatocyte –> secondary spermatocyte–>early spermatid–>late spermiogensis

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21
Q

Pre-puberty boys have ______.

A

ONLY SPERMATOGONIA, NO SPERM!

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22
Q

Intercellular bridges

A

daughter cells remain connected to by intercellular bridges which produces syncytium–> synchronous development of germ cells in seminiferous tubules.

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23
Q

Phases of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonial phase (spermatogenesis)
  2. Spermatocyte (meiosis)
  3. spermatid (spermiogenesis)
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24
Q

Spermatogonia

A 
diploid, 2N, 46 chromosomes
base of seminiferous epithelium 
Different types:
Pale Type A (Ap)
Dark Type A (Ad)
Type B
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25
Q

Pale Type A spermatogonia (Ap)

  1. Characteristic
  2. Activity
  3. Location
A
  1. Pale staining nucleus
  2. Mitotically active–can turn into more Ap cells or Type B
  3. on basal lamina of seminiferous tubule epithelium
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26
Q

Dark Type A spermatogonia (Ad)

  1. Characteristic
  2. Activity
  3. Location
A
  1. Dark oval nucleus (basophilic)
  2. Inactive, in G0 phase. Can resume mitosis to make Ap cells
  3. basal compartment
    * *RESISTANT TO CHEMO/RADIATION
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27
Q

Rete testes-location?

A

in mediastinum testis. 10-20 Efferent ductules from rete testis –> head of epididymis.

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28
Q

Type B spermatogonia

  1. Derived from?
  2. characteristic?
  3. future?
A
  1. from type Ap after mitotic division.
  2. Still connected by intercellular bridges, central nucleolus with chromatin in large clumps along nuclear envelope
  3. mitosis–>primary spermatocyte
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29
Q

Primary spermatocyte

  1. DNA/Chromosome count?
  2. location?
  3. Future?
A
  1. 46 chromosomes (diploid), 4N DNA (2x2n)
  2. made in basal compartment and move to adluminal compartment–maintain blood-testis barrier
  3. first meiotic division= 2ndary spermatocyte. (takes 21 days)
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30
Q

Secondary spermatocyte

  1. DNA/chromosome count
  2. future
  3. characteristics?
A
  1. 23 chromosomes, 2 chromatids=2n
  2. second meiotic division =spermatid
  3. Short-lived
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31
Q

Spermatid

  1. DNA count
  2. Location
  3. characteristics
A
  1. 1n DNA (haploid, 1 chromatid)
  2. Lumen of tubule
  3. Nucleus has condensed chromatin, centriole pair, mitochondria, ribosomes, sER and golgi
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32
Q

S phase

A

replication of DNA

–primary spermatocytes undergo S phase

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33
Q

Meiosis 1 vs meiosis II

A

No prophase II (no DNA synthesis)

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34
Q

Leptotene

A

condensation of chromosomes (Meiosis I, prophase I)

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35
Q

zygotene

A

homologous chromosomes pair up to allow for crossing over

prophase I of meiosis I

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36
Q

Pairing of homologous chromosomes-

A

synaptonemal complex

zygotene phase of prophase I of meiosis I)

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37
Q

Pachytene

A

chromatids become visible and crossing over beings

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38
Q

Diplotene

A

more condensation of chromatids

they’re touching= chiasmata

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39
Q

diakinesis

A

nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope disintegrates

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40
Q

Chiasmata

A

chromatids are touching, occurs during diplotene. (diplomatic relations?)

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41
Q

All the unnecessary names for parts of prophase I

A

Leptotene–>zygotene –> pachytene –>diplotene–>diakinesis

42
Q

Metaphase I

A

lining up (same as mitosis)

43
Q

anaphase I and telophase I

A

chromosomes don’t split, still have paired chromatids

44
Q

Prophase II-Anaphase II

A

making haploid spermatids with one chromatid

45
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Made from spermatids. called cytodifferentiation

46
Q

Cytodifferentiation

A

formation of spermatozoa. 4 Phases

  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosomal phase
  4. Maturation phase
47
Q

Phase 1 of cytodifferentiation

- key features?

A

Golgi phase!

  1. Acrosomal granule with acrosomal vesicle is formed and attach to anterior end of the spermatid nuclear envelope
  2. Flagellar axoneme formed by centrioles (away from nucleus)
48
Q

Phase 2 of cytodifferentiation

-key feautures?

A

Cap phase

  1. acrosomal cap- from acrosomal vesicle expansion on anterior half of nucleus
  2. chromatin condenses (because cap squishes nucleus)
49
Q

Phase 3 of cytodifferentiation

-key features?

A

Acrosomal phase

  1. centrioles migrate back toward nucleus and add Connecting piece in sperm neck
  2. Nucleus condenses, flattens and localizes in head region
  3. Mitochondria cluster around flagellum to make middle part of tail
  4. spermatid elongates with help of microtubules called manchette
  5. chromatin histones are replaced by protamines to allow high order of chromatin packing
50
Q

things centrioles do during cytodifferentiation

A
  1. make flagellar axoneme during golgi phase (away from nucleus)
  2. make connecting piece in sperm neck during acrosomal phase (in nucleus)
51
Q

things mitochondria do during cytodifferentiation

A

make middle piece of tail

52
Q

Which way does the spermatid face at end of acrosomal phase?

A

acrosome faces base of seminiferous ubule

53
Q

Phase 4 of cytodifferentiation

-key features?

A

Maturation phase

  1. Loss of excess cytoplasm and intercellular bridge (phagocytosed by sertoli cells)
  2. non motile sperm released TAIL FIRST into lumen of seminiferous tubule
54
Q
  1. Sperm finally enter lumen of seminiferous tubule when?
  2. anything silly about that entry?
  3. are they mobile?
A
  1. During maturation phase of cytodifferentiation AS SPERMATOZOA
  2. Tail-first
  3. Become mobile in epididymis
55
Q

Things microtubules do during cytodifferentiation

A

Make manchettes which help spermatid elongate during the acrosomal phase.

56
Q

What are the parts of a spermatozoon (zoa?)

A

FLATTENED Head= nucleus with 23 chromosomes + acrosome

tail= neck, middle piece, principal piece, end piece

57
Q

Acrosome

A

In the head
has hydrolytic enzymes that are released during “acrosomal reaction”. They pentrate the corono radiata and pellucida of the egg.

58
Q

head of spermatozoa

A

Flattened, has dense homogenous nucleus with 23 chromosomes (haploid!) + acrosome

59
Q

Neck of spermatozoon

  1. what part?
  2. what does it have?
  3. what makes that part and when?
  4. What is that part used for?
A
  1. First part of tail.
  2. has centrioles and connecting piece (made by centrioles)
  3. Connecting piece is made during acrosomal phase
  4. Connects to nine outer dense fibers
60
Q

Nine outer dense fibers

A

Found in middle and principal pieces of spermatozoon tail. Connected to neck via CONNECTING PIECE.

61
Q

Annulus

A

transition from the middle piece to the principal piece (I think)

62
Q

Middle piece-contents, location

A 
Extends from neck to annulus
Contents, outside-->inside
1. Spiral sheath of mitochondria
2. outer dense fibers (surrounded by mito sheath)
3. axoneme (microtubule 9+ 2 thing?)
63
Q

Principal piece- contents and location

A 
Extends from annulus to end piece
Contents, outside-->inside
1. fibrous sheath with circumferential "ribs"--NOT THE SAME AS MITO SHEATH!
2. outer dense fibers
3. axoneme
64
Q

tail-content and location

A

just the tip ;)

1. axoneme (has outer plasma membrane)

65
Q

axoneme

A

9+ 2 microtubule flagella thing

66
Q

testicular ducts

A

seminiferous tubules–>tubuli recti –> rete testis –>efferent ductules –> epididymis (no longer in testicle)

67
Q

Tubuli recti

  1. location
  2. lining
A
  1. connect seminiferous tubules to rete testes INSIDE testicle
  2. sertoli cells–>simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli and single cilium
68
Q

Rete testis

  1. location
  2. lining
A
  1. from tubuli recti –> efferent ductules (still inside testicle). “plexus of anastomosing channels”
  2. simple cuboidal epithelium. “many have single cilium”
    (so same as the end part of tubuli recti)
69
Q

Efferent ductules

  1. location
  2. lining?
A
  1. 10-20 tubules from rete testis to epididymis
  2. pseudostratified columnar with alternating clusters of noncilicated cuboidal cells AND ciliated columnar cells
    - -non ciliated cuboidal cells absorb fluid
70
Q

Parts of excretory genital ducts?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. vas deferens
  3. urethra
71
Q

epididymis lining–all of it (lining, cells present)

A
  1. Epithelium- pseudostratified columnar with basal and principal cells
  2. circular smooth muscle layer
72
Q

Basal cells

  1. location
  2. shape
  3. function
A
  1. in epididymis
  2. round
  3. undifferentiated, precursor to principal cell
73
Q

Principal cell

  1. location
  2. shape
  3. production of principal cell
  4. functions of principal cell
  5. characteristics
A
  1. epididymis
  2. columnar
  3. from basal cells which are also found in epididymis
  4. secrete carnitine, sialic acid, glycerophosphocholine= inhibition of capacitation
    Also absorb water and other shit not removed by sertoli cells.
  5. non motile stereocilia on luminal surface. lots of golgi, lysosomes and apical pinocytic and coated vesicles
74
Q

capacitation

  1. what is it?
  2. regulation? (some future info here too)
A
  1. this is what makes sperm capable of fertilizing an oocyte.
    (cap= head= sperm=fertilizing)
  2. inhibited by glycerophosphcholine (released by principal cells)= GPC
    Peg cell secretions in fallopian tube have capacitation factors.

STORY: Principal cells have principles–no baby making if Guys Push Coke.

75
Q

Epididymis- histologically?

A

full of sperm!!!!

remember you can’t really see them in the seminiferous tubules

76
Q

Vas deferens

  1. lining
  2. ends at?
A
  1. 3 muscle layers-longitudinal, circular, then longitudinal
    pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  2. ends at prostatic urethra
77
Q

Seminal vesicles

  1. Epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis externa
  4. adventitia/serosa
A
  1. Epithelium= Pseudostratified columnar
  2. Lamina propria= fibroelastic CT
  3. Muscularis externa= inner circular, outer longitudinal smooth muscle
  4. Adventitia=fibroelastic CT
78
Q

Fructose is important because……….what makes it?

A

Fructose is energy source for sperm motility
First it’s secreted by sertoli cells in SEMiniferous tubules to help spermatozoa be transported. Then it’s secreted by SEMinal vesicles to activate sperm.

Both are SEM, SEMs make fructose.

79
Q

Seminal vesicles + lots of testosterone=

A

high epithelium. I guess the height of the psuedostratified epithelium varies with testosterone level?

80
Q

Seminal vesicle

  1. Characteristics?
  2. function
A
  1. highly folded mucosa with yellow lipochrome pigment granules and secretory granules
  2. make viscous fluid with stuff that activates sperm= fructose
    70% of ejaculate is from seminal vesicles.
81
Q

Ejaculatory duct

  1. location
  2. characteristics
  3. receives from?
  4. ends as
A
  1. straight continuation of vas
  2. no muscular wall
  3. Vas + duct of seminal vesicle–> ejaculatory duct
  4. colliculus seminalis (slit) in prostatic urethra
82
Q

prostate gland

  1. capsule
  2. epithelium
  3. type of gland
A
  1. fibroeleastic capsule with some SM that divides prostate into lobes
  2. simple or psuedostratified columnar (possible patches of cuboidl or squamous)
  3. 30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands = glands within a gland
83
Q

Prostate glands within gland

  1. shape
  2. types and where they dump their stuff
A
  1. branched tubuloalveolar glands arranged in 3 concentric layers around urethra
  2. Mucosal (directly into urethra)
    Submucosal (into ducts–>prostatic sinus
    Main (into ducts–>prostatic sinus)
84
Q

What drain into prostatic sinus?

A

submucosal and main ducts of prostate gland (they empty into ducts that then empty into prostatic sinus)

85
Q

Prostatic gland

  1. cell characteristics?
  2. cell types?
  3. secretions?
  4. regulation of secretions?
A
  1. lots of lysosomes and secretory granules
  2. Basal cells make keratin with high MW
  3. thin fluid with fibrinolysin, critric acid, acid phosphatase and lipids
  4. dihydrotestosterone
86
Q

DEFINING FEATURE OF PROSTATE

A

Corpora amlacia= concretions in lumen of alveoli made of glycoprotein. increase with age, can become calcified.

87
Q

High MW keratin

  1. made by?
  2. can indicate?
A
  1. basal cells of prostate

2. changes in expression can be diagnostic of normal, hyperplastic or neoplastic prostate.

88
Q

What might you find next to membranous urethra?

A

Cowpers/bulbourethral glands

89
Q

Bulbourethral glands

  1. lining
  2. capsule
  3. cells, purpose?
A
  1. simple cuboidal or columnar
  2. fibroelastic capsule with smooth and skeletal muscle
  3. mucous secreting cells- secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize acidity of urine and vagina.
90
Q

Penis- parts

similarities between parts

A

Corpus cavernosum (x2)-irregular vascular spaces (lined by endothelium) that decrease in size at periphery of corpus cavernosum . CT trabecula and smooth muscle separates vascular spaces.

corpus spongiousum (x1)- has urethra. uniform vascular spaces. trabecula have more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle fibers than corpus cavernosum.

sponge holes are more consistent than cave holes.

91
Q

Vascular spaces- differences between parts of penis

similarities?

A

vascular spaces in cavernosum are more irregular (decrease in size at periphery) . In spongiosum vascular spaces have uniform size.
Both lined by endothelium and separated by CT and smooth muscle

92
Q

You suspect the patient has a neoplastic prostate. What might you check (non invasive, no imaging)?

A

Expression of the high MW keratin made by basal cells of prostate.

93
Q

Compare trabeculae and SM of different male erectile masses

A

Corpus spongiosum vascular spaces are separated by more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle than corpus spongiosum

94
Q

helicine arteries

  1. where are they found
  2. function?
A

Found in erectile masses. Become engorged during erection when parasympathetic innervation constricts arteriovenous shunts. Vascular spaces become filled with blood.

95
Q

Tunica albugienia

  1. location
  2. what is it?
A
  1. Found around penis (around paired corpora cavernosum and then coprus spong) and testis
  2. thick fibrous CT sheath made of dense collagen bundles that allow extension of penis during erection
96
Q

Glans penis

  1. what
  2. composition
  3. covered by? composition of that?
A

distal end of corpus spongiousum
dense CT and longitudinal muscle fibers
covered by prepuce= stratified squamous NK epithelium

97
Q

Glands of littre

A

REVIEW- this should be from urinary/kidney part

mucus secreting glands present throughout length of penile urethra.

98
Q

Cryptorchidism

  1. what is it
  2. sperm production
  3. testosterone
  4. any other abnormalities?
  5. treatment?
  6. cause?
A
  1. testes don’t descend
  2. No sperm. sterility because testes are too warm for spermatogenesis
  3. same amount of testosterone
  4. increased risk of testicular malignancy
  5. surgical correction between 5-7 years old. Still produce bad sperm
99
Q

Klinefelter’s

  1. what is it
  2. symptoms
  3. physiological changes
  4. genetic cause
A
  1. excess number of X chromosomes (usually XXY)
  2. tall, thin stature, some mental retardation. small testes,
  3. elevated gonadotropin, infertility
  4. Regulated by SRY (sex determining region Y) gene.

Phenotypic male with genotype of female (XX) or phenotypic female with Y

100
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

immotile cilia= infertility
KART= movement, AGE= old
Old karts dont move

101
Q

Hypospadia

A

urethra opens on wrong side due to embryo stuff that sucks.

Histology Test 3 (8 decks)

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