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Histology Test 3 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries- Major functions

A
  1. Steroidgenesis (estrogen and progesterone)

2. gametogenesis (oocytes and ova production)

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2
Q

Ovaries-

  1. capsule
  2. epithelium
  3. parts
A
  1. capsule= tunica albugienia (also covers testes and errectile masses in males)= dense irregular CT
  2. germinal epithelium = simple cuboidal or squamous
  3. Cortex (outer) and medulla (inner)–cannot distinctly separate them
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3
Q

Ovary cortex- contents?

A

ovarian follicles–3 types

  1. primordia
  2. growing
  3. graafian.

very cellular

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4
Q

Ovary medulla- contents?

A

large blood vessels, lymph, and nerves in a loose CT stroma

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5
Q

Primordial follicles

  1. location?
  2. what?
  3. life cycle phase of “center part” of follicle
A
  1. found in ovarian CORTEX
  2. primary oocyte + layer of follicular cells (simple squamous)
  3. oocyte arrested in prophase of meiosis I (remember this takes like 3 weeks in a guy)
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6
Q

primary oocyte

  1. characteristics
  2. life cycle phase? when does this happen, when does it move on?
  3. support cells?
A
  • *part of primordial follicle (in ovarian cortex)**
    1. prominent [acentric?] nucleus with single nucleolus. lots of golgi, mitochondria, and rER. Collective rER= Balbiani body
    2. arrested in prophase I of Meiosis I during fetal dev and can stay in that phase for many years
    3. supported by simple squamous follicular cells
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7
Q

Balbiani body?

A

all rER in the primary oocyte (oocyte= primordial follicle without the layer of follicular cells)

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8
Q

Follicular cells

  1. function
  2. interactions?
  3. shape?
A
  1. support cells for primary oocyte–part of primordial follicle
  2. follicular cells connect to each other with desmosomes. basal lamina makes CLEAR division between primordial follicle and the stroma of the medulla.
  3. “flattened” simple squamous
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9
Q

Growing Ovarian follicles

  1. location
  2. what? (3 phases)
A
  1. cortex of ovary

2. oocyte surrounded by either unilaminar primary follicles, multilaminar primary follicles, OR secondary follicles

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10
Q

Maturation of follicular cells (quick overview)
earliest version –> lastest
type of cell, shape, and the ovarian follicle it’s associated with

A
  1. follicular cells (simple squamous)= primordial ovarian follicle
  2. unilaminar primary follicular cells (simple cuboidal)= ovarian growing follicle
  3. multilaminar primary follicular cells (stratified cuboidal)= ovarian growing follicle
  4. secondary follicles (antral, have fluid spaces)= ovarian growing follicle
  5. Graafian follicle= ovarian graffian follicle
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11
Q

Early primary follicular cells= (AKA?)

  1. characteristics
  2. type of ovarian follicle associated with it
  3. any changes to ovarian follicle?
A

AKA unilaminar primary follicles

  1. Cuboidal cells, still have basal lamina outside them
  2. Growing ovarian follicle
  3. Zona pellucida begins to form between oocyte and follicular cells
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12
Q

Zona pellucida

  1. what is it?
  2. when does it form?
  3. What makes it?
  4. staining?
A
  1. amorphous layer made of 3 glycoproteins
  2. forms around oocyte in growing follicle phase
  3. made by oocyte
  4. PAS + stain, acidophilic
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13
Q

What are the layers (inside to out) of growing follicles? (in unilaminar phase)

A

Inside–> out

  1. oocyte
  2. zona pellucida
  3. early follicles (simple cuboidal)
  4. basal lamina
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14
Q

Multilaminar primary follicles

A

are now called granulosa cells. surrounded immediately by basal lamina and then they are surrounded by stromal cells= sheath called theca folliculi. Theca folliculi is divided into inner and outer layer.

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15
Q

What are the layers (inside to out) of growing follicles? (in multilaminar phase)

A
  1. oocyte
  2. zona pellucida (PAS+)
  3. granulosa cells- lots of layers (used to be follicular cells)
  4. basal lamina
  5. stromal cells make sheath= theca folliculi
    A. Theca interna= cuboidal
    B. Theca externa=fibrous layer
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16
Q

Stromal cells

  1. location
  2. parts (characteristics)
  3. collectively form?
A
  1. outside basal lamina of granulosa cells
  2. theca interna (cuboidal) and externa (fibrous layer)
  3. theca folliculi
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17
Q

Secondary follicles–start from multilaminar follicles and describe how they get to the secondary follicle form

A

AKA ANTRAL follicles

  1. Granulosa layer of multilaminar follicles starts accumulating fluid=liquor folliculi.
  2. liquor folliculi fuses to make single large lake= antrum in granulosa cell layer

(lots of liquor can lead to tANTRUMS) –in rest of slides antrum= lake.

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18
Q

zona pellucida separates ___ and ____. How do they still communicate

A

Oocytes and granulosa cells.
Ooctye’s microvilli and granulosa cell processes penetrate zona pellucida. Communication is possible due to gap junctions.

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19
Q

granulosa cells communicate with each other and ___ via __.

A

oocytes, via gap junctions (with oocyte plasma membrane)

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20
Q

Secondary follicular cell process is dependent on?

A

FSH

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21
Q
  1. Final type/stage of ovarian follice
  2. size
  3. future of this follicle?
A
  1. Graafian follicle
  2. 2.5 cm
  3. the one follicle of the secondary follicles that will ovulate (unless you’re taking BC to prevent that shit from happening)
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22
Q

Graafian follicle
1. characteristics
2. blood supply?
3.

A
  1. acentrically positioned oocyte chilling on island of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that project into antrum.
    Layer of granulosa cells that surround the oocyte immediately and didn’t separate when antrum formed= corona radiata
  2. AVASCULAR! Zona pellucida (from outside) and antrum (from the inside) are both surrounede by granulosa cells
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23
Q

Graafian follicle parts inside –>outside

not perfectly symmetrical, so not perfect

A
  1. oocyte
  2. Zona pellucida
  3. Corona radiata (granulosa cells separating zona pellucida from antrum)
  4. cumulus oophorus –granulosa cells projecting into antrum
  5. antrum
  6. even more granulosa cells
  7. Basal lamina
  8. theca interna (cuboidal)
  9. theca externa (fibrous layer

7+8= theca folliculi

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24
Q

what do theca interna cells do? What is the fate of their product?

A

make androgens, get turned into estrogen by granulosa cells (when stimulated by FSH)

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25
Q

Corona radiata

  1. what?
  2. Future
A
  1. granulosa cells that are on inside of antrum, immediately around oocyte.
  2. stays with oocyte when it leaves ovary during ovulation
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26
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

mound of granulosa cells that oocyte chills on in the antrum lake.

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27
Q

Theca interna cells make 1__. Which are turned into 2___ by __3 when they are stimulated by __4. __3 also makes ____5_.

A
  1. Make androgens
  2. estrogen
  3. granulosa cells
  4. FSH
  5. LH receptors
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28
Q

Theca externa of graafian follicle

  1. what was it
  2. what has it become?
A
  1. Used to be just fibrous (i think)

2. mainly collagenous with few muscle cells and blood vessels that nourish thecan interna

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29
Q

primary oocyte–> secondary oocyte

  1. when does this first happen? When does it happen each time after that?
  2. number of chromosomes in primary and secondary oocytes?
A
  1. puberty-until then primary oocyte was frozen in prophase I. Right before ovulation.
  2. Primary= 46, 2 sister chromatids (2nx2) –>secondary = 23, sister chromatids (1n x2)
    * *also forms polar body that has other 23 chromosomes
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30
Q

secondary oocyte–>

A

blocked at metaphase II until sperm arrives. If fertilized, it is completed to form another polar body and the ovum. (each 23, no sister chromatids=1n)

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31
Q

Period blood has what type of oocyte in it?

A

secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II. ( i think?)

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32
Q

What re-initiates meiosis II? What affect does that have?

A

acrosomal enzymes of the sperm destroy zona pellucida and it fertilizes egg. Destruction of zona pellucida prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg.

33
Q

Ovulation

  1. what?
  2. regulation
  3. cells that made the receptor that allows 2 to bind?
A
  1. release of oocyte (with corona radiata) from ovary into fimbriated oviduct
  2. LH stimulates ovulation
  3. LH receptor made by granulosa cells (in response to FSH)
34
Q

Corpus luteum

  1. what is
  2. what is it made from
  3. formation is dependent on?
  4. characteristic?
A
  1. temporary endocrine gland
  2. remains of follicle after ovulation= granulosa cell and theca interna
  3. LH
  4. super vascular
35
Q

Cells of corpus luteum

A
  1. granulosa lutein cells (former granulosa cells)

2. theca lutein cells (former theca interna cells–cuboidal)

36
Q

Granulosa lutein cells

  1. location
  2. characteristics
  3. function
  4. regulation
A
  1. part of corpus luteum
  2. large and pale cells with lots of sER, rER, mitochondria, golgi and lipid droplets
  3. makes most of body’s progesterone.
    converts androgens (from theca lutein cells) to estradiol
  4. FSH and LH
37
Q

Theca Lutein cells

  1. location
  2. characteristics
  3. function
  4. what cell modifies the product of theca lutein
A
  1. PERIPHERY of corpus luteum
  2. small (half size of granulosa lutein)
  3. makes androstenedione (an androgen) and small amounts of estrogen and progesterone
  4. granulosa lutein makes progesterone from androstenedione
38
Q

Corpus luteum future/fate?

A

Degenerates and leaves a small scar= CORPUS ALBICANS

ALBIno creatures are painful to look at= scars

39
Q

Atretic follicles

  1. what
  2. location
  3. most affected cells?
A
  1. follicles in different stages that are degenerating.
  2. usually in ovary after graafian follicle ovulates (other secondaries die)
  3. graafian cell nuceli are “pyknotic” = irreversible condensation of chromatin before apoptosis.
40
Q

REVIEW:

  1. what makes most of the body’s progesterone?
  2. what regulates this?
A
  1. granulosa lutein cells in corpus luteum

2. FSH and LH

41
Q

Oviducts (aka?)

  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. mucosa
  4. muscularis
  5. serosa/adventitia
A

aka fallopian tubes
1. simple columnar- 2 cell types
2. sparse. Loose Ct with reticular fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells and lymph cells
3. longitudinal folds in infundibulum, less in rest of tubes
4. poorly defined inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer, smooth muscle
(in book it says “thick well defined muscularis”)
5. Serosa= simple squamous epithelium over CT layer that covers outer surface

42
Q

Function of muscularis layer?

A

rhythmic contractions can help embryo move towards uterus (before implantation, obviously)

43
Q

Parts of oviducts

from beginning of egg journey to the end

A
  1. infundibulum-fimbriated end with funnel opening (this is where oocyte goes during ovulation)
    * extensive longitudinal folds in mucosa***
  2. Ampulla- longest, common site of fertilization
  3. isthmus- adjacent to uterus
  4. intramural portion- traverses uterine wall
44
Q

Epithelium of oviduct=fallopian tubue

shape? cell types and functions

A

Simple columnar with 2 cell types

  1. Peg cells- make nutrient rich secretion to nourish spermatozoa and preimplanted embryo
  2. ciliated cells= beat towards uterine lumen to help move embryo
45
Q

What helps move pre-implanted embryo?

A
  1. rhythmic contraction of muscularis layer
  2. ciliated cells
    * *notes say “embryo”, i think its moving anything= fluid and non fertilized egg too….**
46
Q
  1. What is capacitation?

2. Regulation (review from other lecture)

A
  1. activation of sperm so it can fertilize egg
  2. Inhibited by glycerophosphocholine from principal cells
    (remember, if you have principles you wont let guys pushing coke be dads)
    **extra info–peg cell secretions have capacitation factors
47
Q

Uterus

  1. epithelium
  2. mucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. adventitia/serosa
A
  1. simple columnar-mucous secreting cells
  2. endometrium-2 layers
  3. myometrium-3 layers
  4. Serosa-over intraperitoneal part, adventitia- over retroperitoneal parts
48
Q

Uterine epithelium

A

lines the endometrium

49
Q

Endometrium
(deep and superficial–notes terminology– are from the perspective of a histo man chilling in the uterus, not you as a person)

A

mucosa filled with stroma=CT, with reticular fibers, stellate shaped cells, macrophages and lymphocytes
2 layers
1. THICK superficial functional layer- created (estrogen stimulated) and sloughed off each month.
2. deep basal layer- preserved, has endometrial glands (basal cells re-make functional layer)

50
Q

Endometrium blood supply

A

blood from myometrium

  1. Coiled arteries- extend into functional layer and change with menstrual cycle
  2. straight- don’t change, only go into basal layer
51
Q

Endometrial gland

  1. location
  2. cells
  3. function
A
  1. basal layer
  2. basal cells
  3. reepithelialization of functional layer
52
Q

Myometrium

A

3 layers of SMOOTH MUSCLE

  1. Inner longitudinal
  2. middle circular= thick, very vascular= stratum vasculare
  3. outer longitudinal
53
Q

stratum vasculare

A

vascular layer of myometrium= middle layer of myometrium= circular layer

54
Q

Myometrium changes during ___1.__

2. What are the changes?

A
  1. pregnancy

2. thickens, (smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia). Gap junctions form so contractions can happen.

55
Q

Contraction

  1. what stimulates them
  2. when?
  3. what allows them to happen?
A
  1. oxytocin and prostaglandins
  2. at parturition (childbirth)
  3. need gap junctions in myometrium
56
Q

Menstrual cycle overview– days and name of phase

A 
1-4= menstrual phase
4-14= proliferative/follicular phase
15-28= secretory phase
57
Q

Phase I

  1. Days
  2. Name
  3. Hormone levels
  4. what happens
A
  1. 0-4
  2. menstrual phase
  3. low progesterone and estrogen
  4. functional part of endometrium comes off. spiral arteries spasms. Constriction causes ischemia, and then dilation causes vessels to burst and necrotic tissue + epithelium comes out.

basal layer is not affected, it has straight arteries

58
Q

Phase II

  1. Days
  2. Name
  3. Hormone levels
  4. what happens
A
  1. 4-15
  2. Proliferative/follicular
  3. estrogen rises steadily
  4. functional layer renewed with glands, CT, and coiled arteries (reach 2/3 of way up)
    Epithelium renewed by mitosis of cells in uterine glands. Stromal cells divide, accumulate glycogen and enlarge.
59
Q

uterine gland?

  1. location
  2. cells
  3. function?
  4. shape
A
  1. in basal layer
  2. simple columnar
  3. Basal and stromal?
    basal cell mitosis renews epithelial lining
    stromal– accumulate glycogen
  4. Straight in proliferative phase, become coiled in secretory phase
60
Q

Phase III

  1. Days
  2. Name
  3. Hormone levels
  4. what happens1
A
  1. 15-28
  2. Secretory phase= luteal phase
  3. Increased LH= ovulation and increasing progesterone
    • Endometrium thickens from secretions of glands.
    • Glands coil and have glycoprotein material.
    • Basal cells accumulate glycogen
    • coiled arteries reach superficial part, more coiled
61
Q

Cervix

  1. epithelium
  2. rest of wall
  3. parturition causes? what stimulates this change?
A
  1. simple columnar (mucus secreting), stratified squamous NK at end (continuous with vagina)
  2. dense collagenous CT with elastic fibers and some smooth muscle cells
  3. softens due to lysis of collagen–RELAXIN hormone
62
Q

Cervical glands

  1. shape
  2. secretions at proliferative phase, luteal phase, and during pregnancy.
A
  1. branched.
    • Proliferative phase= estrogen= watery–helps sperm move
    • Secretory phase= low estrogen= viscous, prevent flow of infection and removal of seminal plasma
    • pregnancy= super viscous, makes plug–keeps everything out.
63
Q

Vagina

  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. adventitia
A
  1. MUCOSA
    Epithelium= stratified squamous NK-has glycogen which makes lactic acid
    Lamina propria=fibroelastic CT, vascular in deep part–NO GLANDS
  2. MUSCULARIS w/elastic fibers
    Inner circular
    outer longitudinal
  3. fibroelastic CT, contains glands of external genetelia -fixes vagina to surrounding structures
64
Q

Vagina protection?

A

glycogen used by vaginal bacteria to make lactic acid and keep pathogens OUT!
lowers pH during follicular phase

65
Q

Vaginal mucous?

A

all from cervix

66
Q

Mammary glands

  1. prepubescent glands?
  2. composition?
A
  1. identical in both sexes
  2. 12 compound tubuloalveolar gland
    each gland has own lactiferous sinus and duct that open at nipple
67
Q

Females develop? (after puberty)

A

lobules and terminal ductules, along with increase fat in stroma

68
Q

resting gland?

  1. components
  2. epithelium
A
  1. Lactiferous sinus and ducts

2. stratified cuboidal with lower layer of myoepithelial cells (have basal lamina to separate epithelium from stroma)

69
Q

Active gland?

A

alveoli develop when terminal ductules proliferate during pregnancy

70
Q

Alveolar cells

  1. location
  2. shape
  3. function
  4. characteristics
A
  1. line alveoli of mammary glands
  2. cuboidal
  3. secretory cells
  4. surrounded by incomplete myoepithelial cell layer with lipid droplets and vesicles containing caseins and lactose
71
Q

Alveolar cell secretion

A
  1. aporine= lipids

2. protein= merocrine

72
Q

Nipple

A

dense collagenous CT with smooth muscle fibers = sphincter.

contains opening for lactiferous ducts

73
Q

Papanicalou smear

A

AKA pap smear

epithelial cells from vagina or cervix

74
Q

Carcinoma of cervix

A

pretty frequent
cancer of stratified squamous NK epithelial cells
CIN class I= mild dysplasia
Class II= in situ carcinoma
Class III= low cytoplasm, high nucleus: cytoplasm ratio

75
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue in pelvic peritoneal cavity= bleeding in peritoneal cavity when endometrium is shed.
can lead to sterility

76
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Fibroid tumors- neoplasm= benign smooth muscle tumor in uterus
frequent

77
Q

ectopic pregnancy - changes occur in ___ instead of ____.

A

Lamina propria changes instead of endometrium

we know most of this, so i didnt put it all in here

78
Q

Breast cancer

1. causes?

A
  1. ductal epithelium= ductal or terminal ductules= lobular

metastasis to lymph and all that

79
Q

Nabothian cysts

A

obstruction of endocervical glands

Histology Test 3 (8 decks)

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