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Histology Test 3 > Lymph > Flashcards

Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Central lymph organs

A
  1. bone marrow- makes b-cells from stem cells.

2. Thymus- stem cells from bone marrow mature to T lymphocytes

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2
Q

B-cells

  1. made from __ in ___. Moves to?
  2. interactions
  3. functions.
A
  1. made from stem cells in bone marrow–>blood–>
  2. make plasma cells and memory b-cells from interaction with t-helper cells and macrophages.
  3. Plasma cell= produces antibodies (b-cell that moved to lymph or tissue)
    Memory B-cell= secondary antibody response –recognizes antigens not on MHC complex (in bood)
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3
Q

T cells

  1. source
  2. differentiation
  3. types
A
  1. stem cells from bone marrow
  2. differentiate in thymus
  3. T-helper and t-cytolytic
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4
Q

T-helper cell

A

CD4+, interaction with b-cells and macrophages to stimulate response to antigen. recognizes MHC II on antigen presenting cells
Two types
1. Th1= viral and bacterial infections
2. Th2= parasitic infection

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5
Q

T cytolytic

A

CD8+, recognize MHC I on antigen presenting cells

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6
Q

Antigen presenting cells

  1. Examples
  2. function 1
A
  1. EX: surveillance cells, macrophage lineage cells, kupffer cells, langerhans cells, dendritic cells, glial cells, fibroblasts, and mast cells.
  2. phagocytose antigens, peptide from antigen binds MHC, MHC-antigen is presented to t-cells
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7
Q

MHC types

A

major histocompatibility complex
1= on all nucleated cells
2= present on antigen presenting cells, endothelial cells, thymic epithelial reticular cells.

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8
Q

Natural killer cell

  1. made in ___ from ___.
  2. part of ___immune system
A
  1. from granular lymphocytes (= null cell) without CD or t-cell receptors (made in bone marrow?)
  2. INNATE, also participates in adaptive immunity
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9
Q

NK cell participation in innate immunity

A

recognize virus cells and cancer cells without needing antigen presenting cell to activate them

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10
Q

NK cell participation in adaptive immunity

A

participate in antibody-dependent cell mediated toxicity. Recognizes an antibody on a pathogen infected cell and lyses the cell

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11
Q

Peripheral lymph organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, lymph nodules, tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patches (ileum)

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12
Q

Subendothelial lymph tissue

A

= diffuse lymph tissue

  1. diffuse lymphocytes present in subendothelium of intestinal, respiratory, and part of genitourinary system
  2. lymph nodules (NOT ENCAPSULATED) in epithelium–can be solitary or aggregated
    - —>ex- peyer’s patches
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13
Q

Lymph nodes–what are they?

A

dense lymphatic tissue surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

Lymph node capsule?

A

dense irregular CT that extends throughout the node. It branches into trabecula (where blood vessels branch) and comes together at the hilus of the node.

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15
Q

Lymph Hilus

A

Lymph exits via efferent vessels.

Arteries and veins enter/leave the lymph at this.

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16
Q

Stroma of lymph node?

A

capsule, trabeculae, reticular fiber network and cells

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17
Q

Parts of a lymph node

A

Cortex - outer
Paracortex- intermediate
medulla-inner

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18
Q

Lymph path

A
  1. Subcapsular sinus- where afferent nodes empty (between cortex and capsule)
  2. Trabecular sinus=intermediate sinus- run along trabecula
  3. medullary sinuses-around medullary cords
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19
Q

What is a lymphoid sinus?

A

it is the path that lymph takes after emptying from the afferent vessel.
the sinus is lined by squamous cells, reticular cells, and macrophages that are attached to the reticular fiber network.

20
Q

Reticular fiber network?

  1. what is it?
  2. function?
A 
fixed macrophages
supports lining (simple squamous cells, reticular cells and macrophages) of lymphoid sinuses
21
Q

How do most lymphocytes enter the lymph node?

A

High endothelial venules. They are located in the paracortical zone. The selectins on lymphocyte membrane recognized the high endothelial venule and enter.

22
Q

High endothelial venule

  1. what is it?
  2. characteristics
A
  1. entry route for lymphocytes into lymph node

2. lined by tall cuboidal epithelial cells

23
Q

Blood supply of lymph node

A

Enters and exits node at hilum.. capillary network around/inside lymphatic nodule.
Veins at base of nodule/paracortical area have “bulges” that allows lymphocytes to enter lymph node.

24
Q

Cells found in cortex of lymph node

A

large follicular dendritic cells= antigen presenting cells
T-cells- paranodular and inner cortex
B-cells-lymphoid nodule

25
Q

Lymphoid nodule

A

Found in the outer cortex of the node. Can be primary–no germinal center— or secondary = germinal center.

26
Q

Germinal center Cells

A

Large lymphoblasts

marginal zone with lymphocytes and macrophages

27
Q

What is a germinal center–how does it come into existence?

A

B-cells in nodule are activated by helper t-cells to make lymphoblasts and eventually an antibody secreting plasma cell.

this is a process of clonal expansion

28
Q

B-cell lymphoblasts

  1. where are they
  2. what activated them?
  3. what are they becoming?
  4. regulation?
A
  1. in lymphoid nodule, now a germinal center
  2. t-helper cell
  3. antibody secreting plasma cell
  4. YES–only b-cell lymphoblasts that have high affinity antibodies to the FDC antigen will become a plasma cell
29
Q

Where are the plasma cells located?

A

in the medullary cords

30
Q

What are other fates (other than the plasma cell) of the b-cell lymphoblasts?

A
  1. they can have a low affinity antibody to the antigen presented to them by the FDC= apoptosis, macrophage food
  2. b-cell lymphoblasts can have NO specificity for antigens. They accumulate in mantle zone of the lymphoid follicle
31
Q

Mantle zone

A

surrounds the lymphoid nodule germinal center. Contains b-cell lymphoblasts with

32
Q

Places with primarily

  1. B-cells
  2. t-cells
A
  1. nodules and medullary cords= b-cells

2. inner cortex regions=t-cells

33
Q

Cytokine signaling causes

A

segregation of cells within nodules

34
Q

Parts of medulla

A

medullary sinuses

medullary cord

35
Q
  1. Peyer’s patches are examples of?

2. Cells and location?

A
  1. Aggregated lymphoid nodules, found in ileum!

2. B-cell in nodules; T-cells in paranodular area. Follicular epithelium has M-cells.

36
Q

Tonsils

A

3 “types”

  1. Lingual
  2. Pharygneal= adenoids
  3. Palatine
37
Q

Lingual tonsils

  1. location
  2. what is it?
A
  1. below posterior 1/3 of tongue

2. diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes OR multiple nodules

38
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsils

  1. location
  2. characteristic?
A
  1. Posterior wall of nasopharynx

2. has ciliated pseudostratified columnar/stratified squamous (in old people)

39
Q

Palatine

A
  1. between glossopalatine and pharyngeopalatine arches
  2. base and sides enclosed in dense CT capsule
  3. covered with stratified squamous epithelium with crypts that extend into parenchyma
40
Q

Crypts found in?

A

epithelium of palatine. they extend into the parenchyma

41
Q

Appendix has

A

diffusely scattered lymphoid elements and solitary nodules in LAMINA PROPRIA

42
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes due to immune reaction. Cells proliferate, also edema of node.

43
Q

Metastasis of cancer?

A

commonly happens in nodes

44
Q

Why are lymph nodes sources of lymphoma?

A

The cells frequently and rapidly divide and differentiate

45
Q

Graft rejection

A

PATIENTS immune system rejects graft and attacks it (t-cell mediated)

46
Q

Graft vs Host disease
major and minor HC

–H-Y
HA-2

A

T-cells from GRAFT attack host. Big problem with bone marrow transplants.
Can match Major HC and still have rejection of host (from graft) due to Minor HC
Idk what this means, but learn it anyway
-H-Y= male
-HA-2=myosin

Histology Test 3 (8 decks)

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