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Urology > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Define puberty

A

Time at which reproduction by an individual animal becomes possible for the first time

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2
Q

Average male dog puberty age

A

6-12 months, small breeds at 6 and large at 12

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3
Q

Average tomcat puberty age

A

6-12 months or at 60-70% adult body weight, oriental breeds early, longhaired and manx later

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4
Q

What can influence onset of puberty

A

Photoperiod where longer days could influence puberty and also long day breeders

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5
Q

When can spermatozoa be found in ejaculate

A

6/7-9 months

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6
Q

When are male dogs and cats sexually active

A

throughout the year

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7
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occurs

A

seminiferous tubules in testes

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8
Q

2 cell types that makes up seminiferous epithelium

A

spermatogonia
Sertoli cells

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9
Q

What does spermatogonia do

A

produce sperm (germ cells)

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10
Q

Where is spermatogonia

A

basal compartment of seminiferous tubules from which sperms develop

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11
Q

What does Sertoli cells do

A

support and nourish the sperm and produce hormones

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12
Q

2 phases of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatocytogenesis
spermiogenesis

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13
Q

Important feature of spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm and number of spermatogonia is maintained

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14
Q

2 layers/compartments of seminiferous tubules

A

Adluminal compartment
basal compartment

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15
Q

How does spermatogenesis keep same number of sperm and spermatogonia

A

mitosis of spermatogonia means 1 kept(primary spermatocyte) and 1 used

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16
Q

What happens after the initial division of spermatogonia

A

Move across compartments form basal to adluminal

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17
Q

Name process of division from primary spermatocyte to spermatid

A

Undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid,n) and then meiosis 2 to become spermatids (haploid,n)

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18
Q

Name the correct sequence of cell development in spermatocytogenesis

A

Spermatogonia=> primary spermatocytes=> secondary spermatocytes=> Spermatids

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19
Q

What is spermatocytogenesis

A

The process of division of spermatogonia to spermatids

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20
Q

What is Spermiogenesis

A

Maturation of spermatids while they are still in the adluminal compartment to create spermatozoa

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21
Q

Where is the basal compartment

A

Near basement membrane of tubule

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22
Q

Where is the adluminal compartment

A

Towards Lumen

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23
Q

What is spermiation

A

Mature spermatids are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules as spermatozoa

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24
Q

How long does spermatogenesis in the adluminal compartment approximately take

A

62 days in dogs and 64 days in bulls

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25
Q

What is the spermatogenic cycle

A

Time it takes for a specific stage of spermatogenesis to reappear in the same segment

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26
Q

How many stages can be identified of spermatogenesis in each seminiferous tubules

A

4-5 stages

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27
Q

How is 4-5 stages of spermatogenesis per tubule calculated

A

Migration of basal to adluminal occurs every 14 days (14days to complete a stage)
So if total is 64 days then 64/14 days per stage then 4.5 cycles at same time

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28
Q

How long does it take for spermatogonia from basal to adluminal compartment/ time to complete stage of spermatogenesis

A

14 days in bull

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29
Q

What is the spermatogenic wave

A

It is each part of the tubule is at different stage so across the tubule sperm will be released from different parts each day across 14 days (time for stage compeletion/migration of spermatogonia) then back to start of tubule

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30
Q

Use of spermatogenic wave

A

so can keep reproducting constantly as sperm released constantly and stored and not all in one go

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31
Q

Why does the spermatogenic wave occur

A

All seminferous tubules do not contain germ cells at the same stages of the maturation

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32
Q

What creates GnRH

A

Hypothalamus by two groups of neuroendocrine cells

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33
Q

What are the 2 groups of neuroendocrine cells that make GnRH

A

Tonic centre and surge centre

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34
Q

GnRH stand for

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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35
Q

Tonic centre role for GnRH

A

Secretes GnRH in regular, brief pulses
Responsible for low-level, basal(tonic) secretion of GnRH in female and male

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36
Q

Surge centre role for GnRH

A

Inactivated early in foetal life in males and is a surge release

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37
Q

What does GnRH do

A

Stimulates secretion of both LH and FSH from adenohypophysis
at puberty pulsatile secretion of GnRH increases so FSH and LH increases

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38
Q

What controls the production of testosterone

A

LH controls the leydig cells via negative feedback system

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39
Q

Role of testosterone in spermatogenesis

A

Supports the meiotic process and stimulate Sertoli cell support of the germ cells

40
Q

General roles of testosterone

A

Development and maintenance of libido
Secretory activity of accessory sex glands
General body feature associated with males
(Bone growth, thicken skin, deeper voice)

41
Q

FSH role in spermatogenesis

A

Initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty and not essential for maintenance after it has been initiated (LH is required continuously)

42
Q

LH role in spermatogenesis

A

Activate Leydig cells to control release of testosterone via negative feedback system

43
Q

What does FSH do

A

Initiation of spermatogenesis and stimulates production of the androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells

44
Q

What does ABP(androgen-binding protein) do

A

Secreted into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and binds with testosterone and other androgens to stabilize their concentrations and ensure appropriate amount for spermatogenesis

45
Q

Recall Hormonal controls in spermatogenesis

A

insert image

46
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce (FSH)

A

ABP
Produce Inhibin which inhibits secretion of FSH
there is also activin

47
Q

Where is sperm storage

A

tail of the epididymis

48
Q

What happens to most of the spermatozoa formed in the testes

A

Phagocytized in the excurrent duct system
Lost into the urine (85% sperm in urine in sexually inactive rams)

49
Q

Stages of Sperm maturation to facilitate fertilisation

A

Development of unidirectional motility
Changes in nuclear chromatin (DNA-protein complex)
Changes in plasma membrane
loss of cytoplasmic droplet

50
Q

Where do spermatozoa gain their fertilizing ability

A

Progressively during transit through epididymis

51
Q

When do spermatozoa gain motility

A

mix with secretion from accessory glands at ejaculation

52
Q

How long is epididymal transit

A

about 12 days dogs

53
Q

What is an erection

A

increase in turgidity of the penis

54
Q

How does erection occur

A

Increase in blood pressure in cavernous sinuses of penis
result from greater blood inflow than outflow

55
Q

How does Inflow and outflow change for erection

A

Inflow increase through vasodilation of arteries by parasympathetic stimulation
Outflow decrease through compression of dorsal veins of penis against the pelvis when the ischiocavernosus muscles contract

56
Q

What is intromission

A

Introduction of penis into the vagina and its maintenance within the vagina during coitus
facilitated by presence of os penis

57
Q

Stages for dogs

A

First stage coitus-mounting
The turn- 180 degrees and dismount whilst penis remains within vagina
Second stage coitus- copulatory tie/lock

58
Q

What is a copulatory tie/ lock

A

Stand tail to tail where the enlargement of bulbus glandis keeps penis within vagina

59
Q

How long is copulatory tie

A

20 minutes but can be 5-60 minutes doesnt occur in cats

60
Q

Stages for cats

A

Posture of queen in oestrus
Tomact holds queen during intromission
postcoital roll by queen
cats in occur rapidly compared to dogs

61
Q

What is period of sexual inactivity after mating completed called

A

Refractory period

62
Q

What is emission

A

precedes ejaculation, results from sympathetic innervation whereby semen is emptied into the urethra and provides peristaltic movement for transport from testes to urethra and contracts neck of bladder to minimize reflux of semen into the bladder

63
Q

Describe ejaculation

A

After emission, semen is forced through urethra by reflex strong, frequent and rhythmic contraction of (urethral and bulbospongious) muscles and forceful expulsion of semen from urethra to exterior

64
Q

Describe 3 fractions of dog ejaculate

A

1st- small volume of clear fluid ejaculated during the play period or whilst trying to locate vulva (does not contain sperm and from prostate gland used to fluid urine/cellular debris form urethra
2nd- sperm rich fluid ejaculated after intromission and during coitus
3rd clear fluid of prostatic origin ejaculated during copulatory tie and used to flush the sperm forwards through cervix into the uterus

65
Q

Define ejaculation

A

forceful expulsion of semen from urethra to exterior

66
Q

How many fractions of ejaculate for cats

A

one

67
Q

What causes movement of sperm through female reproductive tract (3)

A

Contractions of female reproductive tract
sperm flagella activity(unidirectional)
Flushing mechanism(volume of ejaculate)

68
Q

3 changes to spermatozoa within female tract

A

capacitation
acrosomal exocytosis/reaction
expression of hyperactive motility

69
Q

Describe capacitation

A

removal of cholesterol and glycoproteins
appears reversible but after time in female tract and triggers are not present then will de-capacitate

70
Q

What do capacitated sperm penetrate

A

corona radiata

71
Q

Describe acrosome reaction

A

penetration of zona pellucida and sperm binding and then
–ZP3 triggers the reaction where release of enzymes needed to penetrate zona pellucida

72
Q

Describe hyperactive motility

A

sperm and oocyte membranes fusion facilitated by sperm (hyperactive motility) combined with AR, which allows to enter perivitelline space of oocyte to be available for fertilization

73
Q

3 oocyte responses to oocyte

A

cortical and zona reaction
resumption of 2nd meiotic division
metabolic activation of fertilised ooxyte

74
Q

main result of fertilisation

A

restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
determination of sex of neonate animal
initiation of cleavage

75
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract either erect or non penis into the prepuce

76
Q

Phimosis

A

inability to protrude penis out of the preputial orifice

77
Q

Priapism

A

Abnormally prolonged erection of penis not associated with sexual desire
uncommon in small animals

78
Q

GnRH secreted by

A

hypothalmus

79
Q

GnRH target organ

A

anterior pituatiary

80
Q

GnRH activity

A

release of FSH and LH

81
Q

FSH secreted by

A

Anterior pituitary

82
Q

FSH target organ

A

testis (seminiferous tubules and sertoli cells)

83
Q

FSH activity

A

Initiation of spermatogenesis
production of ABP

84
Q

LH secreted by

A

Anterior pituitary

85
Q

LH target organ

A

Testis (leydig cells)

86
Q

LH activity

A

production and release of testosterone

87
Q

Testosterone secreted by

A

leydig cells

88
Q

Testosterone target organ

A

Testis, body, Adenohypophysis, hypothalamus

89
Q

Testosterone activity

A

Spermatogenesis(meiosis), libido, secondary sex characteristics
Negative feedback on LH,FSH, GnRH

90
Q

ABP secreted by

A

sertoli cells

91
Q

ABP target organ

A

Seminiferous tubules

92
Q

ABP activity

A

regulate concentration of testosterone

93
Q

Inhibin secreted by

A

sertoli cells

94
Q

Inhibin target organ

A

Adenohypophysis

95
Q

Inhibin activity

A

Inhibit FSH secretion

Urology (3 decks)

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