Urinary and Male Repro Anatomy Flashcards
Where are the kidneys located
cranially and dorsally in the abdominal cavity
located retroperitoneal
What is the lining of the abdominal cavity called
peritoneal
Which kidney more caudal in dogs and cats
left kidney
Rough size of kidney in terms of number of vertebrae
2.5
Name 6 main parts of kidneys
Capsule
cortex
medulla
renal pyramids
renal pelvis
hilus
What is the capsule
Protetive layer around kidney and can have layer of fat for protection and energy
What is the cortex
outermost layer of kidney
what is the medulla
central layer of the kidney
what is the renal pyramids
contain the collecting ducts and direct urine towards the renal pelvis
What is the renal pelvis
collects all urine produced and directs them into the ureter
What is the Hilus
entry and exit point for the structure related to the kidney(artery vein nerves ureter)
3 Main function of the kidney
Osmoregulation, excretion, secretion of erythropoietin
2 types of changes to kidney in disease
acute renal failure-swell
chronic renal failure-reduce
What happens in acute renal failure
Kidney can swell
What happens in chronic renal failure
Kidney can reduce in size
Name functional unit of the kidney
nephron
Where is nephron located
cortex and medulla
What vessel do the renal arteries originate from
aorta
Which blood vessel do the renal veins drain towards
caudal vena cava
What is the ureter
Narrow muscular tubes towards bladder that carry urine
What propels the urine in the ureter
peristaltic waves from smooth muscle in ureter walls
What is the bladder
muscular pear shaped organ with inflates and deflates depending on level of urine
What is the bladder made of
Lined with transitional epithelium and a further outside layer of elastic and muscle tissue
Difference of male dogs and cats urethra
Dogs- urethra moves caudally in pelvis encounters prostate then curves cranially
cats- urethra moves caudally, encounters prostate then curves ventrally and caudally
Why are testes located outside the boy in the scrotum
Spermatogenesis occurs best at temps lower than core temperature so located outside the body
What is the function of the tunica dartos/dartos muscle
When cold-contracts and thickens/wrinkles skin to bring towards the core to maintain optimum temperature
When warm-relaxes so skin is smooth and fall away from core to maintain optimum temperature
Function of testes
Site of spermatogenesis
Production of fluid to transport sperm from testes and aid survival
secrete testosterone
Name 3 cell types that are part of spermatogenesis
Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells
leydig/interstitial cells
Functional unit of testicular tissue
seminiferous tubules
What do Spermatogenic cells do
produce immature sperm (spermatids)
What do Sertoli cells do
Secrete oestrogen and nutrients for sperm
What do Leydig cells do
Secrete testosterone
Where is the epididymis located
Dorsolateral aspect of the testis
head at cranial pole
tail curved caudally
Where is sperm stored
Tail of epididymis as lowest temperature
Where is the ductus deferens
attached to the tail of the epididymis
Gene for testes
SRY gene
How long for testes to descend through inguinal ring
Abdomen until 3rd day and then definitive position in scrotum after 4-5 weeks
3 main parts of spermatic cord
Deferent duct
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
Where is the cremaster muscle
alongside spermatic cord
Function of cremaster muscle
contract bring testis closer to body-cold
relaxation testis fall from body-hot
works with the dartos muscle
Function of pampiniform plexus
large network of small veins so then large volume of venous blood helps cools arterial blood so reducing temperature further for spermatogenesis
Function of accesory glands(prostate, bulborethral glands)
Secrete fluid to contribute to volume of ejaculate
provide nutrients and environment for sperm survival
Function of penis
copulatory organ- directs sperm from testis into female reproductive tract
directs urine from the bladder to outside the body
both via urethra
Why might os penis be issue for urethra
cannot expand so common site of blockage from stones
What part of tissue swells during mating
bulbus glandis
Difference of castration and vasectomy
Castration- removal of testes and spermatic cord and closure of inguinal ring
Vasectomy is the ligation of the deferent duct in the spermatic cord
When may a vasectomy be performed instead
not often done
could be done in tomcats to make them infertile but still hormonally intact
Myomorphs repro differences
Inguinal canal remains open so testes and return to abdomen during non mating season
several large accessory glands
os penis within penis tissue
Guinea pigs repro differences
testes able to be retracted through inguinal canal
several accessory glands
os penis within penis tissue
caudoventral to urethral opening two horny projection evert during erection
Ferrets repro differences
Testes in scrotum and unable to retract
testes enlarge in breeding season
J shapes os penis within penile tissue
Reptile repro differences
Testes internal
paired copulatory organs(hemipenes)
Fish repro differences
external fertilisation
internal- male posses copulatory organ (gonopodium) sperm passed into the female and fertilisation and gestation internal
