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Urology/Reproduction > Female oestrus cycle + imaging > Flashcards

Female oestrus cycle + imaging Flashcards

1
Q

When are oocytes produced

A

during embryological development

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2
Q

When is puberty in the bitch

A

80% of her breeds average adult bodyweight
mean age 9 months(6-14 months)

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3
Q

When is puberty in small-medium breeds in the bitch

A

6-8 months

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4
Q

When is puberty in Giant breeds in the bitch

A

Until 18-20 months or even as late as 24 or 30m

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5
Q

When is puberty in the queen

A

80% and between 4-12 months of age

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6
Q

What can affect when puberty occurs in the queen

A

Photoperiod- time of year at their bitch
social environment and body condition and breed

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7
Q

When is puberty in the queen for oriental breeeds

A

Early (4months)

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8
Q

When is puberty in the queen for longhaired and manx breeds

A

later (11-21 months)

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9
Q

What is the oestrus cycle

A

Rhythmic phenomenon involving regular but limited periods off sexual receptivity(oestrus) that occur at intervals characteristic of a species
Interval between one ovulation and another

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10
Q

Classifications of oestrus cycle

A

Mono-oestrous
Polyoestrous
Seasonal
non seasonal

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11
Q

What is Mono-oetrous

A

Animals experience oestrus once each year

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12
Q

What is polyoestrous

A

Animals including most domestic species have more than one period of oestrus in a year

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13
Q

What are the 2 phases of oestrus cycle

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

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14
Q

What is the follicular phase

A

Characterised by high blood oestrogen levels

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15
Q

What are the 2 phases of the follicular phase

A

Pro-oestrus and oestrus

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16
Q

What is luteal phase

A

Period of preparation for pregnancy

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17
Q

What are the 2 divisions of luteal phase

A

Metestrus and dioestrus

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18
Q

What is anoestrus

A

Period of sexual inactivity

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19
Q

What is a period of sexual inactivity called

A

Anoestrus

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20
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the ovary

A

Cortex and medulla

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21
Q

What is the ovary cortex and what does it contain

A

Outer layer
Contains follicles of varying sizes and stages of maturation

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22
Q

What is the ovary medulla and what does it contain

A

Inner layer
composed of loose connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

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23
Q

When does oogenesis begin and restart

A

Begins in first half of foetal development and continues at puberty and stops in childhood

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24
Q

What happens in the fetal period in oogenesis

A

Undifferentiated germ cells in genital ridge divide by mitosis giving rise to oogonia which migrate to the ovaries
Then oogonia enter meiosis 1 becoming primary oocytes then is dormant until resumes at ovulation

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25
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis

A

Oogonium to primary oocyte then to primary oocyte in meiosis then dormancy then primary oocyte meiosis to a secondary oocyte with first polar body, then secondary oocyte with second polar body

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26
Q

What are primordial follicles

A

House oocytes from primary oocyte in fetal period

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27
Q

Describe folliculogenesis

A

Primordial follicle in fetal period then dormancy until puberty then primary follicle and secondary follicle then a mature(graafian) follicle

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28
Q

Stages of folliculogenesis

A

Primordial follicle, dormancy, secondary follicle, mature(graafian) follicle

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29
Q

What does primordial follicle house

A

Primary oocyte in fetal period

30
Q

What does a primary follicle house

A

Primary oocyte in puberty

31
Q

What does a secondary follicle house

A

Primary oocyte in puberty

32
Q

What does a mature(graafian) follicle house

A

Secondary oocyte in puberty

33
Q

What happens to the polar body from the oocyte

A

disintegrates

34
Q

What happens if secondary oocyte is fertilized

A

Completes meiosis 2 yielding a mature ovum

35
Q

What type of oocyte is ovulated in the queen

A

Secondary oocytes are ovulated and immediately fertilisabel

36
Q

What type of oocytes is ovulated in the bitch

A

Before completion of meiosis 1 so Primary oocyte so cannot be fertilized immediately and has to mature which takes about 2 days

37
Q

Name hormones involved in female reproductive system

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GNRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Oestrogen (E2)
Progesterone (P4)
Inhibin

38
Q

Name Hormonal control for Early Follicular phase

A

LH stimulates production of E2 precursors in thecal cells of follicle- (Androgens)
FSH stimulates conversion of androgen into E2 in granulosa cells
E2 stimulates follicular development of the dominant follicles
E2 exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP (inhibts GNRH, LH, FSH) - hormonal regulation

39
Q

Describe hormonal control for Late Follicular phase

A

E2 levels increase rapidly to exceed a threshold
Changes negative feedback on hypothalamus to a positive feedback on surge centre
Large quantities of GnRH causes LH surge from AP
Due to inhibin the increase of FSH is smaller than LH peak
LH surge induces ovulation

40
Q

Hormonal control for luteal phase

A

The cavity and the fribrin clot from ruptured folicle form framework for luteal cells to develop and form corpus haemorrhagicm
Blood vessels form theca externa invade CH and become vascularised to form corpus luteum
Maintence of CL is from LH
CL is responsible for production of Progesterone
P4 stimulates closure of cervix and endometrial thickening and mammary glands
P4 inhibits GnRH, FSH and LH

41
Q

Name the stages of Oestrus cycle in Bitch and length

A

Pro-Oestrus (7-10 days)
Oestrus(7-10 days)
Dioestrus(2 months)
Anoestrus(4.5 months)

42
Q

What type of breeding pattern is in the btich

A

Non-seasonal mono-oestrus cycle followed by obligatory anoestrus period

43
Q

Describe simple pro-oestrus in bitch

A

Attracts males but not mates

44
Q

Describe simple oestrus in bitch

A

accepts mate

45
Q

Describe simple dioestrus in bitch

A

Whether pregnant or nonpregnant

46
Q

Describe simple anoestrus in bitch

A

ovarian inactivity

47
Q

Length of oestrus cycle in btich

A

approx 6-7 months and range is 5-12 months

48
Q

When is Day 0 for oestrus cycle bitch

A

LH surge occurs in late pro-oestrus/ early oestrus

49
Q

What kind of ovulator is the bitch

A

Spontaneous ovulator- ovulation occurs 48-72 hourspost LH surge

50
Q

What can be used to detect ovulation in just the bitch

A

Progesterone concentratiosn are detectabke in circulation just before ovulation

51
Q

Signs of oestrus in the bitch

A

vulvar discharge
vulvar swelling 2-3 times the size

52
Q

Monitoring scientific techniques for oestrus in the bitch

A

exfoliative vaginal cytology
vaginoscopy
hormonal tests- progesterone and LH

53
Q

What type of breeding pattern is the queen

A

Seasonal polyoestrus breeeding pattern
Periods of repeated oestrus activity at intervals of 14-21 days initiated by increasing day length
Followed by seasonal period of anoestrus 3-4months in winter

54
Q

Describe the polyoestrus oestrus cycle in the queen

A

Periods of repeated oestrus activity at intervals of 14-21 days initiated by increasing day length
Followed by seasonal period of anoestrus 3-4months in winter
females indoors and not exposed to changing photoperiod can cycle practically throughout the year

55
Q

What type of ovulator is the queen

A

Induced ovulator
ovulation triggered by coitus or mechanical stimulation of the vaginal wall
rarely ovulation without mating (spontaneous) could be grooming, age of presence of male

56
Q

Name the stages of the oestrus cycle in the queen

A

Interoestrus (8-15 days)
Pro-oetrus (0-1 days)
Oestrus(2-6days)
Luteal phase Non pregnant(25-45 days)
pregnant (65days)
Absence of mating there is not luteal phase so followed by interoestrus

57
Q

Uses of diagnostic imaging

A

disease diagnosis or establish a database of normal anatomy as a reference

58
Q

Most common diagnostic imaging for urogenital system

A

Radiography
ultrasonography
CT, MRI
renal scinitgraphy

59
Q

When do foetal skeletons ossify in dog and cat

A

dog-42-45 days
cat-35-39 days
of gestation

60
Q

What is size of kidneys (radiology) compared to L2 (lumbar veterbrate 2)

A

Dog- 2.5-3.5 times
cat- 1.9-2.6 times the length is neutered and 2.1-3.2 if entire

61
Q

Position of kidneys (radiology) in the dog

A

right- T12-L1 veterbrate
left- L1-L3

62
Q

Position of kidneys (radiology) in the cat

A

L1-L4 with right kidney either more cranial or same level as left

63
Q

Why are plain radiographs limited in evaluating urinary bladder

A

as soft tissue and fluid are the same radiographic opacity making the bladder wall indistinguishable from fluid within the lumen

64
Q

Is the urethra accessible using ultrasound or plain radiography

A

no so have the use a contrast media with radiography

65
Q

GnRH activity

A

release FSH and LH

66
Q

FSH activity

A

Stimulate follicular development
conversion of androgens to oeestrogen

67
Q

LH activity

A

Productions of oestrogen precursors (androgens)
ovulation following LH surge then maintenance of corpus luteum

68
Q

Oestrogen activity

A

Stimulate LH surge, negative feedback on FSH production and endometrial thickening, mammary glands and brain behavioural centres

69
Q

Progesterone secreted by

A

corpus luteum

70
Q

Progesterone activity

A

Closure of the cervix and maintenance of pregnancy, negative feedback on production of FSH and LH via GnRH inhibition

71
Q

Inhibin acitivty

A

Inhibits FSH production

Urology/Reproduction (5 decks)

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