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Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 > Male Reproduction 🍆 > Flashcards

Male Reproduction 🍆 Flashcards

1
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Muscle mass💪🏼

A

Testosterone

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2
Q

What is the product of meiosis in spermatogenesis

A

two divisions create 16 spermatids

single strand of one chromosome

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3
Q

What is the role of testosterone in embryonic/ fetal development

A

masculinize reproductive tract and external genitals

promotes descent of testes into scrotum

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4
Q

What fluid is secreted by sertoli cells that aids in flushing sperm to epididymus

A

seminiferous tubule fluid

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5
Q

Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by:

A

5a-reductase

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6
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Libido

A

Testosterone

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7
Q

Propecia (finasteride) MOA

A

5a-reductase antagonist, does not let testosterone convert to DHT

tx of hair loss and enlarged prostates

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8
Q

We don’t use male endocrine contraception because it has these kinda terrible side effects:

A

acne
increased body weight
decreased HDL

FAT AND PIMPLE-Y 🤮

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9
Q

compression of the _______ reduces venous outflow

A

subtunical venules

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10
Q

What is the role of testosterone in sex-specific tissue after birth

A

promotes maturation of reproductive system at puberty

required for spermatogenesis

maintains reproductive tract throughout life

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11
Q

three main cavities of of the penis:

A

2 corpus cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum

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12
Q

why do the testes need to be kept 1-2 C cooler than body temperature❄️❄️

A

prevents lysosomal destruction

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13
Q

What is a vasectomy reversal surgery called?

A

vasovasostomy

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14
Q

What is the process called by which mature sperm are extruded from Sertoli cells, into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermiation

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15
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Sperm production

A

all three!

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16
Q

GnRH acts on gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release

A

FSH

LH

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17
Q

concurrent sympathetic inhibition and parasympathetic stimulation can create an erection in ____

A

as little as 5 seconds

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18
Q

signs of androgen deficiency (ADAM)

A 
⬇️bone formation
⬇️muscle
⬇️sex drive
⬇️body height
⬇️hematocrit
⬆️cardiovascular disease
⬇️facial hair

changes in mood and energy
changes in appetite

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19
Q

Since sperm cells aren’t mature enough and capable of movement while traveling to the epididymis storage site, how do they get there?

A

transferred under pressure and by smooth muscle contractions

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20
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Pubertal growth spurt

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

Developing sperm cells do not complete cytokinesis during meiosis, therefore the four daughter cells remain connected, forming a ___________

A

syncytium

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22
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

A

spermatogenesis: spermatogonia (diploid) —> spermatozoa (sperm)

spermiogenesis : packing and maturation of spermatozoa

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23
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

A

Testosterone

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25
Q

What are the two phases of ejaculation

A

Emission

Expulsion

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26
Q

What hormone mediates the process of spermatogenesis?`

A

testosterone

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27
Q

Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral?

fructose to nourish sperm

A

Seminal vesicle

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28
Q

Describe the sperm cells in the storage area of the epididymis

A

Not capable of movement
require further maturation
concentrated

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29
Q

Fluid from the bulbourethral glands account for ___% of ejaculate

A

10%

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30
Q

Stertoli cells secrete was 4 things

A
  1. Antimüllerian hormone
  2. Androgen binding protein
  3. inhibin
  4. Seminiferous tubule fluid
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30
Q

What provides nourishment to developing sperm

A

sertoli cells

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31
Q

Where is the site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral?

Clotting factors

A

Seminal vesicle

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33
Q

tonic sympathetic stimulation results in a

A

flaccid penis

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34
Q

What is the process of releasing permatozoa from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

spermiation

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35
Q

What allows XY sperm to transport necessary gene product to XX sperm

A

cytoplasmic bridges

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35
Q

What forms the blood-testes barrier

A

tight junctions between Sertoli cells

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37
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis take?

A

74 days

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39
Q

Fluid from the prostate accounts for ____% of ejaculate

A

20%

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40
Q

How does the head of the sperm change in spermiogenesis

A

elongates, most of cytoplasm is lost
nucleus remodels- chromatin condensation
lysosomes aggregate to form acrosome

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41
Q

Sertoli cells are stimulated by: (2 things)

A

testosterone

FSH

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42
Q

Where are gametes produced in males?

Where are gametes produced in females?

A 
males = testes
females = ovaries

PRIMARY REPODUCTIVE ORGANS

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42
Q

The final release of spermatids requires the breakdown of what

A 
tight junctions (between sertoli cells)
gap junctions (between sertoli cells and spermatocytes)
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46
Q

The testes have 2 compartments:

And 3 cell types:

A

compartments = seminiferous tubules, connective tissue

cells = germ, sertoli, leydig

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47
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Beard growth, sebum formation 🧔🏽

A

DHT

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50
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

red blood cells

A

Testosterone

51
Q

How does the secretion of prostaglandins into the ejaculate facilitate reproduction

A

stimulates motility of sperm to help transport within the male and the female

52
Q

Scalp hair growth is attenuated by DHT and:

A

transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)

53
Q

The male erection is due to _____ and

NOT due to _______

A

due to vasocongestion of the penis with blood

NOT due to skeletal muscle contraction 💪🏼

54
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate

A

DHT

55
Q

What regulates LH and FSH by negative feedback

A

testosterone

56
Q

Receptors where both testosterone and DHT can bind have a greater affinity for

A

DHT

57
Q

why is secretion of LH and FSH low during prepubertal phase

A

hippocampal inhibition of GnRH

58
Q

the average sperm count is ____ per mL of ejaculate

A

20-40 million

60
Q

Three forms of male contraception

A
  1. condoms
  2. “withdrawal method”
  3. vasectomy ✂️
61
Q

Further maturation of the spermatids create :

A

spermatozoa

62
Q

What is cut in a vasectomy

A

each vas deferens

63
Q

Where are all the mitochondria in sperm cells

A

midpiece- to power the centriole

64
Q

Beard growth is stimulated by synergism between 🧔🏽

A

DHT and IGF-1

65
Q

Proper erectile function requires coordinated involvement of (3 things)

A
  1. intact central and peripheral NS
  2. Corpora cavernosa/ spongiosa
  3. normal arterial blood supply/venous drainage
66
Q

How long are the seminiferous tubules

A

250 m

67
Q

How does testosterone circulate within the peripheral circulation?

A

bound to sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

68
Q

ejaculation pathway:

A

vas deferens –> ampulla –> urethra –> out 💦💦

69
Q

decreased production of testosterone and sperm later in life is called

A

senescence 👴🏽

71
Q

What is the role of testosterone in reproduction-related effects (Sexy time)

A

increases sex drive

controls secretion of gonadotropins

72
Q

Temporal organization of the spermatogenic cycle for continuous production is called

A

the spermatogenic wave

73
Q

How can testosterone be conventrated within the seminiferous tubules

A

by binding to androgen=binding protein (ABP) produced by Sertoli cells

74
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis

A
  1. mitosis (proliferation)
  2. meiosis (2 divisions)
  3. Spermiogenesis (packaging)
76
Q

erection is achieved by three things:

A
  1. higher brain activity 🧠
  2. mechanical stimulation of the glands (feedback to the sacral S2-S4 reaction generating center) 🍆
  3. periodic parasympathetic impulses from sacral erection generating center (night boners) 😴
77
Q

In the testes, seminiferous tubules make up ____% by weight and connective tissue makes up ____% by weight

A

seminiferous tubules = 80%

connective tissue = 20%

78
Q

Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral?

Lubrication fluid

A

Bulbourethral glands

79
Q

how many seminiferous tubules per testis?

A

500

80
Q

Testoserone is converted to Estradiol (E2) by:

A

Aromatase

81
Q

What absorbs excess cytoplasm and wastes from developing sperm

A

sertoli cells

81
Q

How many mature sperm are produced daily

A

128 million

81
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

prostate growth

A

DHT

82
Q

DHEA from the adrenal cortex is sufficient to stimulate

A

pubic and axial hair growth

83
Q

What does a syncytium ensure?

A

that haploid cells that contain either an X or Y chromosome, have access to all the gene products available in a complete diploid genome

83
Q

sperm storage area

A

epididymis

84
Q

Parasympathetic release of NO vasodilates penis arterioles—-> NO activates _______

A

guanylyl cyclase and the production of cGMP —-> lowering INTRACELLULAR Ca2+

85
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Negative-feedback on anterior pituitary

A

Testosterone

86
Q

FSH does what during spermatogenesis

A

sensitizes sertoli cells to testosterone

promotes inhibin and androgen binding protein secretion from Sertoli cells

88
Q

What part of the sperm is in the head that is like a big packet of digestive enzymes that “eat” thru the egg to get in

A

acrosome

88
Q

LH does what during spermatogenesis

A

stimulates cholesterol desmolase within Leydig cells to produce testosterone

(rate limiting step)

89
Q

Testosterone can be peripherally converted to _____ or _____ in target tissues

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Estradiol (E2)

90
Q

What are 4 male secondary sexual characteristics

A
  1. facial and body hair
  2. larger muscle mass
  3. masculine jaw
  4. body height
92
Q

what is in the wall of the scrotum that can act as a temperature sensor and can relax and contract muscles

A

rugae

94
Q

luminal migration to ejaculatory ducts takes ~___ days

A

14

95
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of an erection stimulates what two things to occur

A

vasodilate penile arterioles

stimulates secretion of lubrication from bulbourethral glands

96
Q

How many spermatogonia begin the spermatogenic cycle daily

A

2 million

96
Q

What is the tole of testosterone in non-reproduction effects

A

increased protein anabolic effect (muscle mass) 💪🏼💪🏼💪🏼

promotes bone growth at puberty 🦴🦴🦴

closes epiphyseal plates

may induce aggressive behavior 🤼‍♂️

male-specific brain delveopment (pre-optic area, hippocamous, amygdala)

99
Q

What keeps the testes cool?

A
  1. air around scrotum
  2. rugae contraction/relaxation
  3. countercurrent venous blood flow
99
Q

what selectively regulates FSH

A

Inhibin

99
Q

What type of patients do NOT go bald

A

castrated males

eunuchoidal patients with androgen-insensitivity syndrome

5a-reductase deficiency

99
Q

Hair follicle miniaturation occurs with ______ conversion of testosterone to DHT

A

5a-reductase

100
Q

in the flaccid state, blood flow into penile tissue is limited by

A

contraction of helicine arteries

and

trabecular smooth muscle

101
Q

What type of cells secrete testosterone in the testes

A

Leydig cells in the connective tissue

101
Q

Sperm travels from the Sertoli cells and pass through the _________ on their way to final processing and storage in the epididymis

A

Rete testes

102
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Cholesterol regulation in the liver

A

Testosterone

102
Q

side effects of Propecia (finasteride)

A

ED

loss of libido

reduced ejaculate

103
Q

What is the product of mitosis in spermatogenesis

A

two divisions create 4 diploid primary spermatocytes

double strands of DNA

104
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

male pattern baldness

A

DHT

104
Q

Fluid from the seminal vesicles account for ___% of ejaculate

A

60%

104
Q

Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral?

Secretes an alkaline fluid to counter acidic vaginal environment and pH triggers clotting to keep sperm in vagina

A

Prostate

105
Q

During embryonic development germ line cells help form the gonad and become ________________

A

Spermatogonia

105
Q

What is the relationship between BPH and prostate cancer?

A

none

107
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Deepening of voice

A

Testosterone

108
Q

What is the “motor” of the spermatozoa

A

centriole of the midpiece

109
Q

what is the most widespread environmental factor producing low sperm counts

A

interference with ability of scrotum to cool the testes

109
Q

What is the role of testosterone in secondary sexual characteristics

A

male-pattern hair growth

deepening of voice

promotes muscle growth and male adiposity

109
Q

Filling of the urethra in ejaculation triggers

A

somatic nervous impulses with rhythmic activation of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis

111
Q

Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral?

prostaglandins to stimulate male and female reproductive tract

A

Seminal vesicle

Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 (5 decks)

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