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Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 > Leggo my Preggo > Flashcards

Leggo my Preggo Flashcards

1
Q

What can activate NF-kB other than pulmonary surfactant that could result in premature labor

A

bacterial infections
allergic reactions
multiple-fetus pregnancies

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2
Q

minutes it takes the sperm to get to the:

vagina:
cervical canal:
uterus:
upper third oviduct:

A

vagina: 0
cervical canal: 1-3
uterus: 10-20
upper third oviduct: 30-60

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3
Q

Three theories for labor induction role of high estrogen levels:

A
  1. coordinated contraction - synthesis of connexons for gap junctions
  2. increase oxytocin response - increase receptors
  3. increase oxytocin response/contribute to cervical ripening = increase production of prostaglandins
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4
Q

When does the positive feedback loop of parturition end

A

when delivery is complete

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5
Q

What do pregnancy tests detect

A

hCG

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6
Q

the acrosomal enzymes digest the

A

zona pellucida

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7
Q

What is a pharmalogical synthetic form of oxytocin

A

Pitocin

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8
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Development of ductile system of breasts

A

estrogen

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9
Q

What blocks the ovum from being fertilized by two sperm? (polyspermy)

A

sperm enters -> releases enzymes stored in granules in the ovum -> inactivates ZP3 proteins -> hardens glycoproteins on zona pellucida

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10
Q

When is the placenta well established and functional

A

5 weeks after implantation

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11
Q

When are hCG levels detectable in maternal serum?

A

8-11 days after conception ONLY after implantation

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12
Q

(low/high) levels of CRH = late deliveries

A

low CRH

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13
Q

What triggers the acrosome reaction

A

binding of sperm to ZP3 proteins on the zona pellucida

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14
Q

A fertilized ovum becomes a ______ which is capable of implantation

A

blastocyst

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15
Q

Four stages of Pregnancy:

A
  1. initiation
  2. gestation
  3. parturition
  4. lactation
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16
Q

% of ejaculated sperm in the:

vagina:
cervical canal:
uterus:
upper third oviduct:

A

vagina: 100
cervical canal: 3
uterus: 0.1
upper third oviduct: 0.001

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17
Q

What happens when the sperm reaches the ovum thru the zona pellucida

A

plasma membranes of the sperm and ovum fuse

mediated by binding of fertilin on sperm head to integrin receptor on ovums membrane

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18
Q

levels of which hormone can be used as an index of fetal health

A

estrogen

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19
Q

sperm capacitation process:

A

cholesterol withdrawal
surface proteins redistributed
calcium influx

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20
Q

What is the chemoattractant for sperm to reach the egg in ampulla of oviduct

A

allurin

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21
Q

What is the enzyme that is released from sperm that allows it to penetrate the zona pellucida

A

Acrosin

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22
Q

What days of the cycle are the best for implantation? why?

A

20-24

progesterone levels are high

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23
Q

What can inhibit FnRH release preventing ovulation right after delivery

A

Prolactin

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24
Q

The fertilizing sperm penetrates the _______ via membrane-bound enzymes in the plasma membrane of its head and binds to _______

A

corona radiata

ZP3 proteins on the zona pellucida

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25
Q

Why does the uterus respond to oxytocin more at labor induction

A

same amount of oxytocin in circulation

increase concentration of myometrial oxytocin RECEPTORS

26
Q

First the sperm goes through this layer:
Then this layer:
then this layer:

A

Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Plasma membrane of ovum

27
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

formation of cervical plug

A

progesterone

28
Q

Why does lactation not occur during pregnancy

A

inhibition from estrogen and progesterone

Withdrawal of placental steroids at parturition initiates lactation

29
Q

During gestation, estrogen is made by a coordinated effort between the:

A

placenta, fetal adrenals, and fetal liver

30
Q

What inflammation factor is activated by uterine stretching and increased production of macrophages from increased pulmonary surfactant

A

nuclear factor (NF-kB)

31
Q

What two hormones control Prolactin

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (stimulatory)

dopamine (inhibitory)

32
Q

During gestation, how is progesterone made?

A

the placenta can make it on its own

with cholesterol from the mother’s diet

33
Q

What “rescues” the corpus luteum

A

placental hCG

34
Q

In lactating women, ovulation resumes in ____ weeks

A

27 weeks

7 months

35
Q

What does nuclear factor (NF-kB) stimulate?

What does it promote?

A

stimulates IL-8

promotes cervical softening

36
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

inhibition of lactose synthesis

A

progesterone

estrogen = lactation

37
Q

Where is oxytocin produced and stored

A

hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

38
Q

When do hCG levels in materinal plasma peak

A

between 9-12 weeks gestation

39
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Stimulates prolactin release by anterior pituitary

40
Q

What stimulates secretion (production) of more milk

A

prolactin (anterior pituitary)

41
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Inhibition of myometrial contraction

A

progesterone

42
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

increased growth of myometrium- muscles for labor

43
Q

What stimulates the release of enzymes stored in the cortical granules of the ovum

A

sperm entering the ovum cytoplasm

44
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

development of alveolous and lobule in breast

A

progesterone

45
Q

What is the site of fertilization

A

oviduct (upper third “ampulla”)

46
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from uterus

A

progesterone

47
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Conversion of uterus to secretory gland readying it for implantation

A

progesterone

48
Q

Fertilization must occur within ___ hours after ovulation

49
Q

How does the female reproductive tract aid in sperm migration

(aka sabatoge)

A
  1. contractions in myometrium
  2. upward contraction of oviduct smooth muscle
  3. allurin released by mature eggs (“allure”)
50
Q

(low/high) levels of CRH = premature deliveries

51
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Inhibits lactation

A

estrogen

progesterone = lactose synthesis

52
Q

What is produced by the corpus luteum and placenta that relaxes pelvic ligaments and softens the uterine cervix by loosening the connective tissue between pelvic bones

53
Q

What happens once the placenta starts to decrete estrogen and progesterone?

A

hCG levels decine and the corpus luteum regresses

54
Q

Estrogen or Progesterone?

Relax and soften pelvic ligaments

55
Q

upon sperm entrance of the female reproductive tract, what is the first thing that happens to the sperm

A

capacitation

“activation” - surface characteristics of the sperm are altered

56
Q

In non-lacting women, ovulation resumes in ____ weeks postpartum

57
Q

hCG has the same action of what other hormone

58
Q

How long after the baby is born is the placenta delivered?

A

15 to 30 minutes

59
Q

sperm motility in the cervical canal requires:

A

alkaline pH

secretions from prostate gland

60
Q

plasma membranes of the sperm and the ovum fusion is mediated by ____________ on sperm head to ____________ on ovum’s membrane

A

binding of fertilin

integrin receptor

61
Q

What causes milk ejection

A

oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

62
Q

When is labor initiated?

A

when the oxytocin receptor concentration reaches a critical threshold that permits the onset of strong, coordinated contractions in response to ordinary levels of circulating oxytocin

Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 (5 decks)

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