Female Reproduction and Menopause 🌑🌘🌗🌔🌕🌖🌓🌒🌑 Flashcards
When does meiosis resume
only in the oocyte released at ovulation
Estrogen has a feedback control for _________ in general
gonadotropes
What is the physiological effect of progesterone on the body temperature and appeitite
increased temperature after ovulation
increased appetite
Where do androgens convert to estradiol?
Under what stimulation?
granulosa cells
FSH stimulation
The LH surge stimulates the conversion of the antral follice into the
Graafian follicle
The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle correlates with the ____ phase of the ovarian cycle
follicular
How long does it take for a mature follicle to form from a secondary follicle?
What is the oocyte inside called at the end of this maturation?
2 weeks
secondary OOCYTE
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the cervix
Mucous thin, watery and alkaline
increases distensibility, making birthing easier
What does the Corpus Luteum secrete during the luteal phase
progesterone and estrogen
to prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the skin
Inhibits body and facial hair growth
promotes pubic and axillary hair growth
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the kidney
increases absorption of Na+, Cl-, and H2O, contributes to bloating during menstrual cycle
What happens to estrogen in menopause
no longer produced by follicles
primary oocytes are enclosed by a layer of
pre-granulosa cells
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the heart
low cholesterol
arterial vasodilator
decreases atherosclerosis
In the proliferative phase, the endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under the influence of ___________
estrogen from newly growing follicles
In the secretory phase, Progesterone converts endometrium to a highly vascularized, _____-filled tissue
glycogen
When do oogonia stop production
6 months after birth 👶🏼
average age of menopause
51.4 years
What is the oocyte referred to as after it completes meiosis 1 in ovulation
secondary oocyte
and a first polar body
What does the uterus need prior to stimulation by progesterone
stimulation by estrogen
What is stimulated by low pulse frequency GnRH
FSH Gonadotropes
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the vagina
antagonizes estrogen
decreases proliferation of epithelial layer
Menses occurs ____ days after ovulation, regardless of cycle length. Therefore, cycles longer than 28 days have a longer _______ phase
14
Proliferative
Which part of the ovarian cycle is hormone-independent
development of a primordial follicle up to a preantral follicle
further development of the follicle into a mature follicle is stimulated by FSH
What causes the expulsion of blood and endometrial debris from uterine cavity to vagina
release of prostaglandins
stimulates rhythmic contractions of uterine myometrium
FSH —> _______ to convert androgen —> estrogen
Granulosa cells
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the fallopian tubes
increase the number of cilia and their rate of beating, drawing the ovum into the tube
What do luteal cells produce
estrogen
progesterone
What triggers second meiotic division
sperm entry
How long does it take for the Corpus luteum to become vascularized and fully functional after ovulation
four days
continues to grow for another 4-5 days
What does FSH stimulate at the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
further development of follicles that have reached preantral stage
secondary follicle as an estrogen-rich antrum forms
Under the influence of local paracrines, granulosa cells secrete:
the zona pellucida around the oocyte
“gel-like substance”
When does follicular atresia accelerate? (climacteric)
37.5 years
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the mammary glands
required for growth
increases ductal growth
increases nipple size and pigmentation
Where is estrogen stored in the follicle
antrum
For every one mature ovum, how many polar bodies?
3
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the mammary gland
increases branching of ductal system
stimulates development of lobules and alveoli
What is the end of the follicular phase
LH burst ➡️
mature follicle ruptures ➡️
releases oocyte ➡️
ovulation
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the uterus
development/ differentiateion of endometrial glands
converts uterus into actively secreting tissue
Induces decidua (placenta) formation
Decreases contractility
How are LH and FSH levels able to rise again to start a new menstrual cycle after being suppressed during the secretory phase
Corpus lutem dies and stops secreting estrogen and progesterone which were inhibiting FSH and LH
After releasing oocyte, the ruptured follicle develops into ________________ under the influence of ________
Corpus Luteum
LH
You can diagnose menopause when FSH is > ?
30 mIU/mL
no menses for 12 months in women of typical range
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the endometrium
Thickens, increases permeability and blood supply
SYNTHESIZES RECEPTORS FOR PROGESTERONE ON UTERINE CELLS****
Why do theca cells convert cholesterol to androgens during the follicular phase
stimulated by LH
only cells that have cholesterol desmolase
When does the second meiotic division occur
AFTER FERTILIZATION
What is the peak number of oogonia
How many oocytes are left at birth
6-7 million oogonia
2 million oocytes
effects of LH surge:
- antral to graafian follicle
- meiosis resumed
- proteolytic enzymes in follicle for rupture
- increase prostaglandins (blood flow, wall distensibility, proteolytic enzymes)
- differentiate follicle cells into corpus luteum
What is stimulated by high pulse frequency GnRH
LH Gonadotropes
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the skeletal system/ Ca2+ metabolism
epiphyseal closure
facilitates calcium uptake into bone
antagonizes PTH on bone
decreases production of cytokines
inhibits osetoclasts
What is the physiological effect of estrogen on adiposity
subcutaneous fat hips and breasts
What happens to FSH in menopause
increased
pre-granulosa cells become ______
which proliferate and outer most layer becomes ______
surrounding ovarian tissue differentiates into _______
cuboidal 🔲
stratified
theca
What is the physiological effect of estrogen on the myometrium
increases OXYTOCIN receptors and contractions
What induces Inhibin release from granulosa cells
FSH
Inhibin has a negative feedback on FSH release specifically
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the vagina
Proliferation of epithelial layer
increases vaginal secretions
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the cervix
antagonizes estrogen
decreases distensibility
thick, acidic mucus, poor environment for sperm
Variability of the uterian cycle would most likely occur in the (proliferative/secretory) phase
Proliferative
What is the physiological effect of progesterone on the kidney
decreases Na+ reabsorption by competing with aldosterone
What % of estradiol is free versus bound
3% free
What causes the death of the endometrium in the menstrual phase
release of prostaglandins
vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels
The secretory phase of the Uterine cycle correlates with the _____ phase of the ovarian cycle
Luteal
corpus luteum versus corpus albicans
corpus luteum = yellow, cholesterol 🔶
corpus albicans = white, fibrous tissue ⚪️
If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what happens
lost in menstruation without ever completing oogenesis
What suppresses a second LH surge
LH transforms ruptured follicular granulosa and theca cells into luteal cells
luteal cells make estrogen and progesterone
progesterone negatively feedbacks on hypothalamus and pituitary
suppresses positive feedback of estrogen
Primordial Germ Cells undergo mitosis until
20-24 weeks gestation
LH —> _______ to convert cholesterol —> androgen
Thecal cells
Mechanism of Action of Hormonal Contraception:
Prevents ovulation by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing LH surge
What converts a primary follicle into a preantral follice
surrounding connective tissue ➡️➡️ differentiates into thecal cells
Why does LH rise in a surge during mid cycle and FSH doesn’t?
Inhibin
Are the polar bodies filled with cytoplasm or cytoplasm devoid
cytoplasm devoid
How does the follicle rupture to release oocyte from ovary [aka ovulation]
enzymatic digestion
What causes menstrual cramps
increased prostaglandins - contraction of the uterus
primary oocytes remain arrested in
prophase 1 of meiosis until just before ovulation
By puberty, only ______ oocytes remain
and only _____ are ovulated throughout life
400,000
400-500
