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Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 > Female Reproduction and Menopause 🌑🌘🌗🌔🌕🌖🌓🌒🌑 > Flashcards

Female Reproduction and Menopause 🌑🌘🌗🌔🌕🌖🌓🌒🌑 Flashcards

1
Q

When does meiosis resume

A

only in the oocyte released at ovulation

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2
Q

Estrogen has a feedback control for _________ in general

A

gonadotropes

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3
Q

What is the physiological effect of progesterone on the body temperature and appeitite

A

increased temperature after ovulation

increased appetite

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4
Q

Where do androgens convert to estradiol?

Under what stimulation?

A

granulosa cells

FSH stimulation

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5
Q

The LH surge stimulates the conversion of the antral follice into the

A

Graafian follicle

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6
Q

The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle correlates with the ____ phase of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular

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7
Q

How long does it take for a mature follicle to form from a secondary follicle?

What is the oocyte inside called at the end of this maturation?

A

2 weeks

secondary OOCYTE

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8
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the cervix

A

Mucous thin, watery and alkaline

increases distensibility, making birthing easier

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9
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum secrete during the luteal phase

A

progesterone and estrogen

to prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum

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10
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the skin

A

Inhibits body and facial hair growth

promotes pubic and axillary hair growth

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11
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the kidney

A

increases absorption of Na+, Cl-, and H2O, contributes to bloating during menstrual cycle

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12
Q

What happens to estrogen in menopause

A

no longer produced by follicles

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13
Q

primary oocytes are enclosed by a layer of

A

pre-granulosa cells

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14
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the heart

A

low cholesterol

arterial vasodilator

decreases atherosclerosis

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15
Q

In the proliferative phase, the endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under the influence of ___________

A

estrogen from newly growing follicles

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16
Q

In the secretory phase, Progesterone converts endometrium to a highly vascularized, _____-filled tissue

A

glycogen

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17
Q

When do oogonia stop production

A

6 months after birth 👶🏼

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18
Q

average age of menopause

A

51.4 years

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19
Q

What is the oocyte referred to as after it completes meiosis 1 in ovulation

A

secondary oocyte

and a first polar body

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20
Q

What does the uterus need prior to stimulation by progesterone

A

stimulation by estrogen

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21
Q

What is stimulated by low pulse frequency GnRH

A

FSH Gonadotropes

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22
Q

What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the vagina

A

antagonizes estrogen

decreases proliferation of epithelial layer

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23
Q

Menses occurs ____ days after ovulation, regardless of cycle length. Therefore, cycles longer than 28 days have a longer _______ phase

A

14

Proliferative

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24
Q

Which part of the ovarian cycle is hormone-independent

A

development of a primordial follicle up to a preantral follicle

further development of the follicle into a mature follicle is stimulated by FSH

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25
Q

What causes the expulsion of blood and endometrial debris from uterine cavity to vagina

A

release of prostaglandins

stimulates rhythmic contractions of uterine myometrium

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26
Q

FSH —> _______ to convert androgen —> estrogen

A

Granulosa cells

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27
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the fallopian tubes

A

increase the number of cilia and their rate of beating, drawing the ovum into the tube

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28
Q

What do luteal cells produce

A

estrogen

progesterone

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29
Q

What triggers second meiotic division

A

sperm entry

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30
Q

How long does it take for the Corpus luteum to become vascularized and fully functional after ovulation

A

four days

continues to grow for another 4-5 days

31
Q

What does FSH stimulate at the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A

further development of follicles that have reached preantral stage

secondary follicle as an estrogen-rich antrum forms

32
Q

Under the influence of local paracrines, granulosa cells secrete:

A

the zona pellucida around the oocyte

“gel-like substance”

33
Q

When does follicular atresia accelerate? (climacteric)

A

37.5 years

34
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the mammary glands

A

required for growth

increases ductal growth

increases nipple size and pigmentation

35
Q

Where is estrogen stored in the follicle

A

antrum

36
Q

For every one mature ovum, how many polar bodies?

A

3

37
Q

What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the mammary gland

A

increases branching of ductal system

stimulates development of lobules and alveoli

38
Q

What is the end of the follicular phase

A

LH burst ➡️
mature follicle ruptures ➡️
releases oocyte ➡️
ovulation

39
Q

What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the uterus

A

development/ differentiateion of endometrial glands

converts uterus into actively secreting tissue

Induces decidua (placenta) formation

Decreases contractility

40
Q

How are LH and FSH levels able to rise again to start a new menstrual cycle after being suppressed during the secretory phase

A

Corpus lutem dies and stops secreting estrogen and progesterone which were inhibiting FSH and LH

41
Q

After releasing oocyte, the ruptured follicle develops into ________________ under the influence of ________

A

Corpus Luteum

LH

42
Q

You can diagnose menopause when FSH is > ?

A

30 mIU/mL

no menses for 12 months in women of typical range

43
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the endometrium

A

Thickens, increases permeability and blood supply

SYNTHESIZES RECEPTORS FOR PROGESTERONE ON UTERINE CELLS****

44
Q

Why do theca cells convert cholesterol to androgens during the follicular phase

A

stimulated by LH

only cells that have cholesterol desmolase

45
Q

When does the second meiotic division occur

A

AFTER FERTILIZATION

46
Q

What is the peak number of oogonia

How many oocytes are left at birth

A

6-7 million oogonia

2 million oocytes

47
Q

effects of LH surge:

A
  1. antral to graafian follicle
  2. meiosis resumed
  3. proteolytic enzymes in follicle for rupture
  4. increase prostaglandins (blood flow, wall distensibility, proteolytic enzymes)
  5. differentiate follicle cells into corpus luteum
48
Q

What is stimulated by high pulse frequency GnRH

A

LH Gonadotropes

49
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the skeletal system/ Ca2+ metabolism

A

epiphyseal closure

facilitates calcium uptake into bone

antagonizes PTH on bone

decreases production of cytokines

inhibits osetoclasts

50
Q

What is the physiological effect of estrogen on adiposity

A

subcutaneous fat hips and breasts

51
Q

What happens to FSH in menopause

A

increased

52
Q

pre-granulosa cells become ______

which proliferate and outer most layer becomes ______

surrounding ovarian tissue differentiates into _______

A

cuboidal 🔲

stratified

theca

53
Q

What is the physiological effect of estrogen on the myometrium

A

increases OXYTOCIN receptors and contractions

54
Q

What induces Inhibin release from granulosa cells

A

FSH

Inhibin has a negative feedback on FSH release specifically

55
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the vagina

A

Proliferation of epithelial layer

increases vaginal secretions

56
Q

What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the cervix

A

antagonizes estrogen

decreases distensibility

thick, acidic mucus, poor environment for sperm

57
Q

Variability of the uterian cycle would most likely occur in the (proliferative/secretory) phase

A

Proliferative

58
Q

What is the physiological effect of progesterone on the kidney

A

decreases Na+ reabsorption by competing with aldosterone

59
Q

What % of estradiol is free versus bound

A

3% free

60
Q

What causes the death of the endometrium in the menstrual phase

A

release of prostaglandins

vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels

61
Q

The secretory phase of the Uterine cycle correlates with the _____ phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Luteal

62
Q

corpus luteum versus corpus albicans

A

corpus luteum = yellow, cholesterol 🔶

corpus albicans = white, fibrous tissue ⚪️

63
Q

If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what happens

A

lost in menstruation without ever completing oogenesis

64
Q

What suppresses a second LH surge

A

LH transforms ruptured follicular granulosa and theca cells into luteal cells

luteal cells make estrogen and progesterone

progesterone negatively feedbacks on hypothalamus and pituitary

suppresses positive feedback of estrogen

65
Q

Primordial Germ Cells undergo mitosis until

A

20-24 weeks gestation

66
Q

LH —> _______ to convert cholesterol —> androgen

A

Thecal cells

67
Q

Mechanism of Action of Hormonal Contraception:

A

Prevents ovulation by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing LH surge

68
Q

What converts a primary follicle into a preantral follice

A

surrounding connective tissue ➡️➡️ differentiates into thecal cells

69
Q

Why does LH rise in a surge during mid cycle and FSH doesn’t?

A

Inhibin

70
Q

Are the polar bodies filled with cytoplasm or cytoplasm devoid

A

cytoplasm devoid

71
Q

How does the follicle rupture to release oocyte from ovary [aka ovulation]

A

enzymatic digestion

72
Q

What causes menstrual cramps

A

increased prostaglandins - contraction of the uterus

73
Q

primary oocytes remain arrested in

A

prophase 1 of meiosis until just before ovulation

74
Q

By puberty, only ______ oocytes remain

and only _____ are ovulated throughout life

A

400,000

400-500

Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 (5 decks)

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