male repro

Question 1

4 categories of male reproductive organs

Answer 1

• external genitalia
• the gonads: gamates and sex hormones produced
• tube system: transporting sperm
• accessory glands: support sperm and lubricate compulsory organs

Question 2

how do the testis reach the scrotum

Answer 2

descend down abdomen and through inguinal canal

Question 3

where is spermatic cord formed

Answer 3

opening of inguinal canal, known as deep inguinal ring, this opening is lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

Question 4

3 fascial coverings of the spermatic cord

Answer 4

external spermatic fascia: derived from deep subcutaneous fascia

cremaster muscle and fascia: derived from internal oblique muscle + its fascial covering

internal spermatic fascia: derived from transversalis fascia

Question 5

contents of spermatic cord

Answer 5

blood vessels:

• testicular artery
• cremasteric artery and vein
• artery to vas deferens
• pampiniform plexus of testicular veins

nerves:

• genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
• autonomic nerves

other:

• vas deferens
• processus vaginalis (fused shut in adults)
• lymph vessels

Question 6

what is the tunica vaginalis and how many layers

Answer 6

covering of the anterior surface and sides of each testicle, inside the scortum

parietal and visceral layers with a small amount of fluid in between laters, allowing testes to move freely inside scrotum

Question 7

what is tunica albuginea

Answer 7

protects testicular parenchyma

fibrous capsule that encloses testes

penetrates into parenchyma of each testicle with diaphragms, dividing it into lobules

tough fibrous outer layer

Question 8

hydrocele

Answer 8

collection of serous fluid within tunica vaginalis

Question 9

haematocoele

Answer 9

collection of blood in tunica vaginalis

Question 10

where and from what do testicular arteries arise

Answer 10

abdominal aorta at L2

Question 11

what structures near pelvic brim do testicular arteries cross before travelling through inguinal canal (2)

Answer 11

the ureters

inferior parts of external iliac arteries

Question 12

what do testicular veins form

Answer 12

pampiniform venous plexus

consisting of 8-12 anastomosing veins lying anterior to ductus deferens

Question 13

thermoregulatory funcition of pampiniform plexus

Answer 13

part of thermoregulatory system of the testis, helping to keep this gland at a constant temp

Question 14

where does left testicular vein drain

Answer 14

left renal vein

Question 15

where does right testicular vein drain

Answer 15

IVC

Question 16

variocele

Answer 16

gross dilation of the veins draining the testis

a large one can look and feel like a bag of worms within scrotum

Question 17

testicular torsion

Answer 17

emergency

blood supply completely cut off from one of testis, requires an operation and internal fixation of testis to scrotum

Question 18

where do lymphatics from testes drain

Answer 18

lumbar and para-aortic nodes, along lumbar vertebrae

Question 19

what is head of epididymis formed from

Answer 19

by the efferent tubules of the testes, which transport sperm from the testes to epididymis

Question 20

what is body of epididymis formed from

Answer 20

heavily coiled duct of epididymis

Question 21

course of travel of vas deferens

Answer 21

arises from tail of epididymis, traverses the inguinal canal and enters pelvis by crossing over external iliac vessels
terminates by joining the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct

Question 22

where are the seminal glands

Answer 22

located on either side of the posterior surface bladder

they are between the bladder fundus and rectum

Question 23

how is ejaculatory duct formed and where does it drain

Answer 23

duct of the seminal vesicles combines with vas deferens

drains into prostatic urethra

Question 24

what do fluids of seminal vesicles contain

Answer 24

alkaline fluid
fructose
prostaglandins
clotting factors

Question 25

where is prostate gland found

Answer 25

fused to inferior part (neck) of bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra inferior to neck of bladder and superior to extrenal urethral sphincter levator ani muscle lies inferolaterally to gland posterior to prostate is ampulla of rectum

Question 26

what does prostate gland secrete

Answer 26

proteolytic enzymes, leave via prostatic duct enzymes are secreted into the semen immediately before ejaculation

Question 27

histological central zone of prostate

Answer 27

surrounds ejaculatory ducts | ~25% prostate volume

Question 28

histological transition zone of prostate

Answer 28

located centrally and surrounds urethra 5-10% prostate volume glands of transitional zone are those that typically undergo benign hyperplasia

Question 29

histological peripheral zone of prostate

Answer 29

main body of gland (65%) and it located posteriorly

Question 30

proteolytic enzymes route of leaving prostate

Answer 30

leave prostate via prostatic ducts these open into prostatic portion through 10-12 openings at each side of seminal colliculus enymes secreted into semen right before ejaculation

Question 31

arterial supply to prostate

Answer 31

comes from prostatic arteries, which are mainly derived from internal iliac arteries

Question 32

venous drainage of prostate

Answer 32

via prostatic venous plexus, draining into internal iliac veins

Question 33

what are the bulbourethral glands

Answer 33

small paired structures located in urogenital diaphragm which empty into penile/spongy urethra tubule-alveolar glands lined by columnar epithelium

Question 34

what do bulbourethral glands produce

Answer 34

during sexual arousal they produce a mucous secretion containing glycoproteins (pre-ejaculate)

Question 35

functions of bulbourethral gland secretions

Answer 35

- lubrication medium from urethra and tip of penis - expels any residue of urine, dead cells or mucous through the urethral meatus, preparing a clean and lubricated pathway for ejaculation -helps to neutralise residual acidity in the male urethra (secretions are alkaline)

Question 36

arterial supply to bulbourethral glands

Answer 36

derived from arteries to bulb of the penis

Question 37

histological features of testis (seminiferous tubule)

Answer 37

convoluted tubules sectioned in various planes 4-8layers of cells spermatozoa in lumen leydig cells in intersitial spaces between tubules

Question 38

histological features of prostate

Answer 38

serous alveoli with infolding epithelium trabeculae of muscular stroma amorphous eosinphilic masses in alveoli in older men

Question 39

histological features of seminal vesicle

Answer 39

no sperm in lumen highly recessed and irregular lumen crypts and cavities giving honey-combed appearance well-developed muscular externa

Question 40

histological features of ductus deferens

Answer 40

lumen stellate in shape thick walled muscular tube epithelial lining and its supporting lamina propria are thrown into longitudinal folds

Question 41

lymphatic drainage testis

Answer 41

para aortic nodes