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female repro Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

peritoneum
myometrium
endometrium

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2
Q

peritoneum layer of uterus

A

double layered membrane, continuous with abdominal peritoneum layer

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3
Q

myometrium layer of uterus

A

thick smooth muscle layer

cells of this layer undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel the foetus at birth

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4
Q

endometrium layer of uterus

A

inner mucous membrane lining uterus. can be further divided into 2 parts

deep stratum basalis: changes a little throughout menstrual cycle and is not she d at menstruation

superficial stratum functionalis: proliferates in response to oestrogens, secretory in response to progesterone. Shed during menstruation and regenerates from cells in stratum basalis layer

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5
Q

what does pregnant uterus ‘lower segment’ correspond with in non-pregnant uterus

A

isthmus

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6
Q

normal position of uterus

A

anteverted and anteflexed

anteverted: rotated forward, towards the anterior surface of body
anteflexed: flexed, towards anterior surface of body

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7
Q

where does uterus normally lie

A

immediately posterosuperior to bladder and anterior to rectum

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8
Q

3 common dispositions of uterus

A

excessively anteflexed
anteflexed and retroverted
retroflexed and retroverted

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9
Q

where is a retroverted uterus positioned

A

directly above vagina

in instances of increased abdominal pressure the uterus is more likely to prolapse into vagina

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10
Q

ligaments that support uterus

A 
broad ligament 
round ligament 
ovarian ligament 
cardinal ligament 
uterosacral ligament
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11
Q

attachments and functions of broad ligament

A

double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of uterus to pelvis

acts as a mesentery for the uterus and contributes to maintaining its position

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12
Q

attachments and functions of round ligament

A

remnant of gubernaculum extending from uterine horns to the labia major via inguinal canal

functions to maintain the anteverted position of uterus

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13
Q

function of ovarian ligament

A

joins ovaries to uterus

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14
Q

attachments and functions of cardinal ligament

A

located at base of broad ligament, extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls

contains uterine artery and vein in addition to providing support to uterus

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15
Q

attachments and functions of uterosacral ligament

A

extends from cervix to sacrum

provides support to uterus

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16
Q

uterus blood supply and venous drainage

A

uterine artery

venous drainage via a plexus in the broad ligament that drains into uterine veins

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17
Q

lymphatic drainage of uterus

A

iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes

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18
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic supply to uterus

A

sympathetic: uterovaginal plexus (largely compromises the anterior and intermediate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus)
parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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19
Q

cervix innervation

A

inferior nerve fibres of uterovaginal plexus

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20
Q

reproductive functions of the vagina

A
  • sexual intercourse (receives penis and ejaculate, assisting in its transport to uterus)
  • childbirth
  • menstruation
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21
Q

vagina anatomical position.

what lies: anterior, posterior and laterally

A

anteriorL bladder and urethra

posterior: rectouterine pouch, rectum, anal canal
lateral: uterus + levator ani muscle

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22
Q

what is vagina

A

fibromuscular tube with anterior and posterior walls. usually collapsed and so these walls are in contact

not a round tunnel - in the transverse plane is more like a H lying on the side

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23
Q

what is the vaginal fornix and what parts of it are there

A

recess around the protruding cervix

anterior fornix
posterior fornix
lateral fornix

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24
Q

which fornix is the deepest part and closely related to rectouterine pouch

A

posterior vaginal fornix can access the

rectouterine pouch through the fornix

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25
4 histological layers of vagina (internal to external)
- stratified squamous epithelium (protection, lubricated by cervical mucous) - elastic lamina propria (dense connective tissue layer which projects papillae into overlying epithelium) - fibromuscular layer (2 layers smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal) - adventitia (fibrous layer, additional strength and binds to surrounding structures)
26
arterial supply to vagina
uterine and vaginal arteries (both branches of internal iliac a)
27
venous drainage of vagina
vaginal venous plexus, which drains into internal iliac vein via uterine vein
28
lymphatic drainage fo vagina (3 sections)
superior: external iliac nodes middle: internal iliac nodes inferior: sacral and common iliac external: superficial inguinal nodes
29
autonomic innervation of vagina
parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves arise from uterovaginal plexus
30
somatic innervation of vagina
only inferior 1/5 of vagina recieves somatic innervation | via branch of pudendal nerve - the deep perineal nerve
31
where do uterine tubes (fallopian tubes ) lie
in the upper border of the broad ligament, extending laterally from the uterus opening into abdominal cavity near the ovaries
32
function of uterine tubes
assist in transfer and transport of ovum from the ovary to the uterus
33
how does the ultra-structure of the uterine tubes facilitate movement of ovum
- inner mucosa is lined with ciliated epithelial cells and peg cells (non-cilliated secretory cells). they waft the ovum towards uterus and supply it with nutrients - smooth muscle layer contracts to assist with transportation of ova and sperm. muscle is sensitive to sex steroids and thus peristalsis is greatest when oestrogen levels are high
34
4 parts of fallopian tubes
fimbriae: finger-like cilliated projections that capture ovum from surface of ovary infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening near ovary to which fimbriae are attached ampulla: widest + longest section of tubes, fertilisation usually occurs here isthmus: narrow section connecting ampulla to uterine cavity
35
arterial supply to uterine tubes
uterine and ovarian arteries
36
venous drainage of uterine tubes
uterine and ovarian veins
37
lymphatic drainage of uterine tubes
iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes
38
innervation of uterine tubes
sympathetic and parasympathetic via nerve fibres from ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses sensory afferent fibres run from T11-L1
39
where are ovaries found
attached to posterior surface of broad ligament of uterus by the mesovarium (a fold of peritoneum, continuous with outer surface of ovaries)
40
neurovascular structures enter hilum of ovary via the .....
mesovarium
41
main functions of ovary
- produce oocytes in preparation for fertilisation | - produce sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, in response to pituitary gonadotropins (LH + FSH)
42
3 histological components of ovary
surface: simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium), underlying this layer is dense connective tissue capsule cortex: connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles, each follicle contains an oocyte, surrounded by single layer of follicular cells medulla: loose connective tissue and rich neurovascular network
43
what 2 peritoneal ligaments attach to ovary
suspensory ligament of ovary ligament of ovary
44
suspensory ligament of the ovary
fold of peritoneum extending from mesovarium to pelvic wall contains neurovascular structures
45
ligament of ovary
extends from ovary to fundus of uterus then continues from uterus to the connective tissue of the labium majus, as round ligament of uterus
46
arterial supply to ovaries
main arterial supply via paired ovarian arteries, which arise from abdominal aorta (inf. to renal arteries) also contribution from uterine arteries
47
venous drainage of ovaries
paired ovarian veins
48
where does left ovarian vein drain
left renal vein
49
where does right ovarian vein drain
inferior vena cava
50
innervation of ovaries
sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation from ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses
51
lymphatic drainage of ovaries
para-aortic nodes
52
what level do ovarian arteries arise
L2/L3
53
uterine artery crosses over ureter at....
level of ischial spine, junction of cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina
54
where does breast extend to horizontally
lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line
55
where does breast span vertically
between 2nd and 6th costal cartilages
56
what muscles does breast lie superficial to
pectoralis major | serratus anterior
57
two regions of breast
circular body: largest and most prominent part of breast axillary tail: smaller part, runs along inferior lateral edge of pectoralis major towards axillary fossa
58
what is nipple mainly composed of
smooth muscle fibres
59
what is present within areolae
numerous sebaceous glands these enlarge during pregnancy, secreting an oily substance that acts as a protective lubricant for nipple
60
what does each breast consist of
15-25 lobes with tubulo-acinar glands (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue)
61
mammary glands
modified sweat glands series of ducts and secretory lobules (15-20) each lobule consists of many alveoli drained by a single lactiferous duct. these ducts converge at the nipple like spokes of a wheel
62
connective tissue stroma of breasts
supporting structure which surrounds the mammary glands | has fibrous and fatty components
63
the fibrous stroma of breasts condenses to form suspensory ligaments. what are the functions of these ligaments
attach and secure the breast to dermis and underlying pectoral fascia separate the secretory lobules of the breast
64
what does base of breast lie on
pectoral fascia: flat sheet of connective tissue associated with pectoralis major muscle attachment point for the suspensory ligaments
65
layer of connective tissue between breast and pectoral fascia
retromammary space there is a potential space, often used in reconstructive plastic surgery
66
arterial supply to medial part of breast
internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian a.)
67
arterial supply to lateral part of breast
- lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches of axillary artery - lateral mammary branches of posterior intercostal arteries - mammary branch of anterior intercostal artery
68
lymphatic drainage of breast tissue
lateral: axially lymph nodes (pectoral/anterior first) medial: parasternal lymph nodes or to opposite breast inferior: inferior phrenic nodes
69
lymphatic drainage of skin of breast
skin: axillary, deep cervical and infraclavicular nodes nipple + areola: subareolar lymphatic plexus
70
innervation of breast
anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th and 6th intercostal nerves sensory and autonomic nerve fibres
71
what regulates breast milk production and secretion
hormones prolactin and oxytocin which are secreted from pituitary gland
72
epithelium of the ducts the acini of breast empty into
cuboidal, or low columnar, epithelium
73
what does placenta form from
the tophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium
74
maternal side of placenta
disc shaped | rough and spongy
75
foetal side of placenta
smooth | attachment of umbilical cord
76
placental functions
gaseous exchange nutrient uptake thermo-regulation waste regulation
77
what structures seen at cut-end of umbilical cord
2 umbilical arteries | 1 umbilical vein
78
uterus lymph: uterine fundus and superior uterus body
aortic nodes | superior inguinal nodes
79
uterus lymph: uterine body
external iliac nodes
80
uterus lymph: uterine cervix
internal iliac nodes | sacral nodes

repro anatomy (6 decks)

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