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repro anatomy > female repro > Flashcards

female repro Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

peritoneum
myometrium
endometrium

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2
Q

peritoneum layer of uterus

A

double layered membrane, continuous with abdominal peritoneum layer

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3
Q

myometrium layer of uterus

A

thick smooth muscle layer

cells of this layer undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel the foetus at birth

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4
Q

endometrium layer of uterus

A

inner mucous membrane lining uterus. can be further divided into 2 parts

deep stratum basalis: changes a little throughout menstrual cycle and is not she d at menstruation

superficial stratum functionalis: proliferates in response to oestrogens, secretory in response to progesterone. Shed during menstruation and regenerates from cells in stratum basalis layer

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5
Q

what does pregnant uterus ‘lower segment’ correspond with in non-pregnant uterus

A

isthmus

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6
Q

normal position of uterus

A

anteverted and anteflexed

anteverted: rotated forward, towards the anterior surface of body
anteflexed: flexed, towards anterior surface of body

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7
Q

where does uterus normally lie

A

immediately posterosuperior to bladder and anterior to rectum

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8
Q

3 common dispositions of uterus

A

excessively anteflexed
anteflexed and retroverted
retroflexed and retroverted

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9
Q

where is a retroverted uterus positioned

A

directly above vagina

in instances of increased abdominal pressure the uterus is more likely to prolapse into vagina

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10
Q

ligaments that support uterus

A 
broad ligament 
round ligament 
ovarian ligament 
cardinal ligament 
uterosacral ligament
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11
Q

attachments and functions of broad ligament

A

double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of uterus to pelvis

acts as a mesentery for the uterus and contributes to maintaining its position

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12
Q

attachments and functions of round ligament

A

remnant of gubernaculum extending from uterine horns to the labia major via inguinal canal

functions to maintain the anteverted position of uterus

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13
Q

function of ovarian ligament

A

joins ovaries to uterus

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14
Q

attachments and functions of cardinal ligament

A

located at base of broad ligament, extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls

contains uterine artery and vein in addition to providing support to uterus

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15
Q

attachments and functions of uterosacral ligament

A

extends from cervix to sacrum

provides support to uterus

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16
Q

uterus blood supply and venous drainage

A

uterine artery

venous drainage via a plexus in the broad ligament that drains into uterine veins

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17
Q

lymphatic drainage of uterus

A

iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes

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18
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic supply to uterus

A

sympathetic: uterovaginal plexus (largely compromises the anterior and intermediate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus)
parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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19
Q

cervix innervation

A

inferior nerve fibres of uterovaginal plexus

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20
Q

reproductive functions of the vagina

A
  • sexual intercourse (receives penis and ejaculate, assisting in its transport to uterus)
  • childbirth
  • menstruation
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21
Q

vagina anatomical position.

what lies: anterior, posterior and laterally

A

anteriorL bladder and urethra

posterior: rectouterine pouch, rectum, anal canal
lateral: uterus + levator ani muscle

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22
Q

what is vagina

A

fibromuscular tube with anterior and posterior walls. usually collapsed and so these walls are in contact

not a round tunnel - in the transverse plane is more like a H lying on the side

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23
Q

what is the vaginal fornix and what parts of it are there

A

recess around the protruding cervix

anterior fornix
posterior fornix
lateral fornix

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24
Q

which fornix is the deepest part and closely related to rectouterine pouch

A

posterior vaginal fornix can access the

rectouterine pouch through the fornix

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25
Q

4 histological layers of vagina (internal to external)

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium (protection, lubricated by cervical mucous)
  • elastic lamina propria (dense connective tissue layer which projects papillae into overlying epithelium)
  • fibromuscular layer (2 layers smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal)
  • adventitia (fibrous layer, additional strength and binds to surrounding structures)
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26
Q

arterial supply to vagina

A

uterine and vaginal arteries (both branches of internal iliac a)

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27
Q

venous drainage of vagina

A

vaginal venous plexus, which drains into internal iliac vein via uterine vein

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28
Q

lymphatic drainage fo vagina (3 sections)

A

superior: external iliac nodes
middle: internal iliac nodes
inferior: sacral and common iliac
external: superficial inguinal nodes

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29
Q

autonomic innervation of vagina

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves arise from uterovaginal plexus

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30
Q

somatic innervation of vagina

A

only inferior 1/5 of vagina recieves somatic innervation

via branch of pudendal nerve - the deep perineal nerve

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31
Q

where do uterine tubes (fallopian tubes ) lie

A

in the upper border of the broad ligament, extending laterally from the uterus opening into abdominal cavity near the ovaries

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32
Q

function of uterine tubes

A

assist in transfer and transport of ovum from the ovary to the uterus

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33
Q

how does the ultra-structure of the uterine tubes facilitate movement of ovum

A
  • inner mucosa is lined with ciliated epithelial cells and peg cells (non-cilliated secretory cells). they waft the ovum towards uterus and supply it with nutrients
  • smooth muscle layer contracts to assist with transportation of ova and sperm. muscle is sensitive to sex steroids and thus peristalsis is greatest when oestrogen levels are high
34
Q

4 parts of fallopian tubes

A

fimbriae: finger-like cilliated projections that capture ovum from surface of ovary
infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening near ovary to which fimbriae are attached
ampulla: widest + longest section of tubes, fertilisation usually occurs here
isthmus: narrow section connecting ampulla to uterine cavity

35
Q

arterial supply to uterine tubes

A

uterine and ovarian arteries

36
Q

venous drainage of uterine tubes

A

uterine and ovarian veins

37
Q

lymphatic drainage of uterine tubes

A

iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes

38
Q

innervation of uterine tubes

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic via nerve fibres from ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses

sensory afferent fibres run from T11-L1

39
Q

where are ovaries found

A

attached to posterior surface of broad ligament of uterus by the mesovarium (a fold of peritoneum, continuous with outer surface of ovaries)

40
Q

neurovascular structures enter hilum of ovary via the …..

A

mesovarium

41
Q

main functions of ovary

A
  • produce oocytes in preparation for fertilisation

- produce sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, in response to pituitary gonadotropins (LH + FSH)

42
Q

3 histological components of ovary

A

surface: simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium), underlying this layer is dense connective tissue capsule
cortex: connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles, each follicle contains an oocyte, surrounded by single layer of follicular cells
medulla: loose connective tissue and rich neurovascular network

43
Q

what 2 peritoneal ligaments attach to ovary

A

suspensory ligament of ovary

ligament of ovary

44
Q

suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

fold of peritoneum extending from mesovarium to pelvic wall

contains neurovascular structures

45
Q

ligament of ovary

A

extends from ovary to fundus of uterus

then continues from uterus to the connective tissue of the labium majus, as round ligament of uterus

46
Q

arterial supply to ovaries

A

main arterial supply via paired ovarian arteries, which arise from abdominal aorta (inf. to renal arteries)

also contribution from uterine arteries

47
Q

venous drainage of ovaries

A

paired ovarian veins

48
Q

where does left ovarian vein drain

A

left renal vein

49
Q

where does right ovarian vein drain

A

inferior vena cava

50
Q

innervation of ovaries

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation from ovarian and uterine (pelvic) plexuses

51
Q

lymphatic drainage of ovaries

A

para-aortic nodes

52
Q

what level do ovarian arteries arise

A

L2/L3

53
Q

uterine artery crosses over ureter at….

A

level of ischial spine, junction of cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina

54
Q

where does breast extend to horizontally

A

lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line

55
Q

where does breast span vertically

A

between 2nd and 6th costal cartilages

56
Q

what muscles does breast lie superficial to

A

pectoralis major

serratus anterior

57
Q

two regions of breast

A

circular body: largest and most prominent part of breast

axillary tail: smaller part, runs along inferior lateral edge of pectoralis major towards axillary fossa

58
Q

what is nipple mainly composed of

A

smooth muscle fibres

59
Q

what is present within areolae

A

numerous sebaceous glands

these enlarge during pregnancy, secreting an oily substance that acts as a protective lubricant for nipple

60
Q

what does each breast consist of

A

15-25 lobes with tubulo-acinar glands (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue)

61
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands
series of ducts and secretory lobules (15-20)

each lobule consists of many alveoli drained by a single lactiferous duct. these ducts converge at the nipple like spokes of a wheel

62
Q

connective tissue stroma of breasts

A

supporting structure which surrounds the mammary glands

has fibrous and fatty components

63
Q

the fibrous stroma of breasts condenses to form suspensory ligaments. what are the functions of these ligaments

A

attach and secure the breast to dermis and underlying pectoral fascia

separate the secretory lobules of the breast

64
Q

what does base of breast lie on

A

pectoral fascia: flat sheet of connective tissue associated with pectoralis major muscle

attachment point for the suspensory ligaments

65
Q

layer of connective tissue between breast and pectoral fascia

A

retromammary space

there is a potential space, often used in reconstructive plastic surgery

66
Q

arterial supply to medial part of breast

A

internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian a.)

67
Q

arterial supply to lateral part of breast

A
  • lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches of axillary artery
  • lateral mammary branches of posterior intercostal arteries
  • mammary branch of anterior intercostal artery
68
Q

lymphatic drainage of breast tissue

A

lateral: axially lymph nodes (pectoral/anterior first)
medial: parasternal lymph nodes or to opposite breast
inferior: inferior phrenic nodes

69
Q

lymphatic drainage of skin of breast

A

skin: axillary, deep cervical and infraclavicular nodes

nipple + areola: subareolar lymphatic plexus

70
Q

innervation of breast

A

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th and 6th intercostal nerves

sensory and autonomic nerve fibres

71
Q

what regulates breast milk production and secretion

A

hormones prolactin and oxytocin which are secreted from pituitary gland

72
Q

epithelium of the ducts the acini of breast empty into

A

cuboidal, or low columnar, epithelium

73
Q

what does placenta form from

A

the tophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium

74
Q

maternal side of placenta

A

disc shaped

rough and spongy

75
Q

foetal side of placenta

A

smooth

attachment of umbilical cord

76
Q

placental functions

A

gaseous exchange
nutrient uptake
thermo-regulation
waste regulation

77
Q

what structures seen at cut-end of umbilical cord

A

2 umbilical arteries

1 umbilical vein

78
Q

uterus lymph: uterine fundus and superior uterus body

A

aortic nodes

superior inguinal nodes

79
Q

uterus lymph: uterine body

A

external iliac nodes

80
Q

uterus lymph: uterine cervix

A

internal iliac nodes

sacral nodes

repro anatomy (6 decks)

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