Male Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what do ‘indifferent gonads’ develop from ebryologically?

A

Develop from thickening of intermediate mesoderm (steroidogenic) – genital/ gonadal ridge

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2
Q

development of the primordial gonad is linked with degeneration of what?

A

degeneration of the mesonephros

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3
Q

primitive sex/gonadal cords develop from what, ebryologically?

A

Primitivesex/gonadalcords– develop from epithelial cells of degenerating mesonephric tubules and glomerular capsules that invade the mesenchyme of genital ridge
* Epithelial cells form clusters and incorporate PGCs

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4
Q

in the indifferent stage of gonadal development, both sexes have what?

A

Both sexes have male (Wolffian, mesonephric) and female (Mullerian, paramesonephric) genital ducts

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5
Q

effect of testosterone on the development of genital ducts - ie effect on mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts

A
  • In the presence of testosterone, paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts degenerate
  • Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts persist
    – Form ductus deferens and the epididymis
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6
Q

what structure gives rise to the seminiferous tubules in the male? how? What about the efferent ductules, retes testis, and accessory sex glands?

A
  • Gonadal cords hypertrophy and become seminiferous cords/tubules
  • Efferent ductules and rete testis form from mesonephric tubules
  • Accessory sex glands develop as evagination from epithelium of associated ductwork
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7
Q

what type of gland is the testicle?

A

compound tubular
-exocrine and endocrine

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8
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur? WHat are its stages?

A

seminiferous tubules of the testis

Spermatogenesis = Spermatocytogenesis + Spermiogenesis

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9
Q

-what are type A(d) cells and what is their role in spermatogenesis? what is their characteristic appearance?
-what are type A(p) cells and what is their role in spermatogenesis? what is their characteristic appearance?
-what are type B cells and what is their role in spermatogenesis? what is their characteristic appearance?

A

-Type A(d) cells, with dark nuclei. These cells replicate to ensure a constant supply of spermatogonia
-Type A(p) cells, with pale nuclei. These cells divide by mitosis to produce Type B cells.
-Type B cells, which divide to give rise to primary spermatocytes (diploid, in prophase of meiosis I)

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10
Q

cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

germ cells- spermatogenic cells
Sertoli Cells (Sustentacolar Cells)
Interstitial Cells of Leydig

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11
Q

structural character of sertoli cells? where are they found?

A
  • Columnar cells with oval to angular nucleus
  • Cytoplasmic processes forming gap junctions
  • Surround the developing sperm
  • A single Sertoli cell extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
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12
Q

structural character of interstitial cells of leydig? what do they produce?

A
  • Species differences in # and morphology
  • Steroid hormone producing cell
  • Cytoplasmic stains eaosinophilic
  • EM shows large amount of ER, Golgi, mitochondria and lipid droplets
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13
Q

function of sertoli cells

A
  • Provide structural and metabolic support to the developing sperm cells
  • A single Sertoli cell extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
  • Maintain the right environment for development and maturation (blood-testis barrier)
  • Secrete substances initiating meiosis
  • Secrete supporting testicular fluid
  • Secrete ABP, which concentrates testosterone in close proximity to the developing gametes
  • Secrete hormones affecting pituitary gland control of spermatogenesis (e.g. inhibin)
  • Phagocytose residual cytoplasm left over from spermiogenesis
  • Protect spermatids from the immune system of the male (blood- testis barrier)
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14
Q

what is the hormonal control mechanism of spermatogenesis? what feedback loops are involved?

A

-hypothalamus sends GnRH to anterior pituitary
-AP sends FSH and LH to testis
-FSH acts on sertoli cells, causing the release of inhibin and also secretion of substances to support spermatogenesis
>inhibin gives negative feedback to the AP

-LH acts on the leydig cells causing the release of testosterone
>testosterone is important for spermatogenesis
>testosterone also gives negative feedback to AP and hypothalamus

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15
Q

structural function and components of the spermatic cord?

A

Testis are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord

Components:
* Spermatic/testicular artery
* Spermatic veins
* Lymphatics
* Cremaster muscle
-pampiniform plexus

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16
Q

what is the pampiniform plexus?

A

Pampiniform plexus: counter current heat exchange between warm arterial blood and cool venus blood > cools arterial blood before entering testis

17
Q

structure of the epididymis? what does it do?

A
  • A single coiled tubule: head (caput), body (corpus), tail (caudae)
  • Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Secretory cells secreting components required for sperm maturation
18
Q

histologic structure of vas deferens

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Thick tunica muscularis
  • Extensive folds (Ampulla) in
    stallion, ruminants, dogs
  • Boars and Cats do not have
    ampulla
  • Ampulla thickened due to accessory glands within wall of vas deferens
19
Q

where do we find corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

A
  • Corpus Cavernosum: two columns on dorsal side of penis
  • Corpus Spongiosum: single column on ventral side of penis, surrounds penile urethra
20
Q

fibroelastic vs musculovascular penis - what animals, structural differences?

A

Fibroelastic
* Bull, boar, ram
* Large amount of CT and elastic fibres
* Limited erectile tissue
* Sigmoid flexure: increase in penile length only during erection

Musculovascular
* Stallion, dog, cat
* Lots of erectile tissue
* Erection results in increase in length and diameter due to cavernous tissue becoming filled with blood

21
Q

variation in glans penis morphology? what does tam have? what about boat?

A

ram - filiform appendage on glans
boar - corkscrew to match sow’s corkscrew cervix